2025年第四季度美国企业就业流动报告 BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS –FOURTH QUARTER 2025

Forrelease10:00a.m.(ET)Wednesday,July29,2026

USDL-26-1268

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BUSINESSEMPLOYMENTDYNAMICS–FOURTHQUARTER2025

FromSeptember2025toDecember2025,grossjobgainsfromexpandingandopeningprivate-sectorestablishmentswere7.8million,anincreaseof363,000jobsfromthepreviousquarter,theU.S.BureauofLaborStatisticsreportedtoday.Overthisperiod,grossjoblossesfromcontractingandclosing

private-sectorestablishmentswere7.2million,adecreaseof389,000jobsfromthepreviousquarter.(Seechart1,andtablesAand1.)

Chart1.Totalprivate-sectorgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses,seasonallyadjusted

March2015-December2025

Thousands

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000Grossjobgains

Grossjoblosses

5,000

NOTE:ShadedarearepresentsNationalBureauofEconomicResearch(NBER)definedrecessionperiod.

Thechangeinthenumberofjobsovertimeisthenetresultofincreasesanddecreasesinemploymentthatoccuratallprivatebusinessesintheeconomy.BusinessEmploymentDynamics(BED)statistics

trackthesechangesinemploymentatprivate-sectorestablishmentsfromthethirdmonthofonequartertothethirdmonthofthenext.Thedifferencebetweenthenumberofgrossjobgainsandthenumberofgrossjoblossesisthenetchangeinemployment.(SeeTechnicalNote.)TheBEDdataseriesinclude

grossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesbyindustrysubsectorforthe50states,theDistrictofColumbia,PuertoRico,andtheVirginIslands,aswellasgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesatthefirmlevelbyemployersizeclass.

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GrossJobGains

Inthefourthquarterof2025,grossjobgainsrepresented5.9percentofprivate-sectoremployment.

Grossjobgainsarethesumofincreasesinemploymentduetoexpansionsatexistingestablishmentsandtheadditionofnewjobsatopeningestablishments.Expandingestablishmentsgained6.2millionjobs

inthefourthquarterof2025,andopeningestablishmentsgained1.6millionjobs.(Seecharts2and3,andtablesA,1,2,and3.)

GrossJobLosses

Inthefourthquarterof2025,grossjoblossesrepresented5.5percentofprivate-sectoremployment.

Grossjoblossesaretheresultofcontractionsinemploymentatexistingestablishmentsandthelossofjobsatclosingestablishments.Contractingestablishmentslost5.8millionjobsinthefourthquarterof2025,andclosingestablishmentslost1.4millionjobs.(Seecharts2and3,andtablesA,1,2,and3.)

Chart2.Private-sectorgrossjobgainsatexpandingestablishmentsandgrossjoblossesatcontractingestablishments,seasonally

adjusted:March2015-December2025

20,000

18,000

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0

Thousands

Expansions

Contractions

'15'16'17'18'19'20'21'22'23'24'25NOTE:ShadedarearepresentsNBERdefinedrecessionperiod.

Chart3.Private-sectorgrossjobgainsatopeningestablishmentsandgrossjoblossesatclosingestablishments,seasonally

adjusted:March2015-December2025

Thousands

Openings

Closings

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

'15'16'17'18'19'20'21'22'23'24'25NOTE:ShadedarearepresentsNBERdefinedrecessionperiod.

EstablishmentBirthsandDeaths

Inthefourthquarterof2025,therewere338,000establishmentbirthswhichaccountedfor1,006,000jobs.Dataforestablishmentdeathsareavailablethroughthefirstquarterof2025,when809,000jobswerelostat284,000establishments.(SeeTechnicalNoteandtable8.)

FirmSize

Inthefourthquarterof2025,firmswith1to49employeeshadanetemploymentincreaseof194,000.

Firmswith50to249employeesexperiencedanetemploymentgainof138,000.Firmswith250ormoreemployeesadded126,000netjobs.(Seetables4and5.)

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States

Grossjobgainssurpassedgrossjoblossesin42states,theDistrictofColumbia,andtheVirginIslandsinthefourthquarterof2025.(Seetables6and7.)

Industries

Grossjobgainsexceededgrossjoblossesin10outof13industrysectorsinthefourthquarterof2025.Theservice-providingindustriesexperiencedanetjobgainof588,000.Thegoods-producingindustrieshadanetjobincreaseof5,000.(Seetable3.)

TableA.Three-monthprivate-sectorgrossjobgainsandlosses,seasonallyadjusted

Category

3monthsended

Dec.

2024

Mar.

2025

June

2025

Sept.2025

Dec.

2025

Grossjobgains.............................

AtexpandingestablishmentsAtopeningestablishments.....

Grossjoblosses............................

AtcontractingestablishmentsAtclosingestablishments......

Netemploymentchange1

Grossjobgains.............................

AtexpandingestablishmentsAtopeningestablishments....

Grossjoblosses............................

AtcontractingestablishmentsAtclosingestablishments......

Netemploymentchange1

Levels(inthousands)

7,802

6,142

1,660

7,496

5,964

1,532

306

7,448

5,859

1,589

7,238

5,850

1,388

210

7,585

6,058

1,527

7,906

6,336

1,570

-321

7,475

5,878

1,597

7,634

6,142

1,492

-159

7,838

6,197

1,641

7,245

5,812

1,433

593

Rates(percent)

5.9

4.6

1.3

5.7

4.5

1.2

0.2

5.6

4.4

1.2

5.4

4.4

1.0

0.2

5.7

4.6

1.1

6.0

4.8

1.2

-0.3

5.6

4.4

1.2

5.7

4.6

1.1

-0.1

5.9

4.7

1.2

5.5

4.4

1.1

0.4

1

Thenetemploymentchangeisthedifferencebetweentotalgrossjobgainsandtotalgrossjoblosses.SeetheTechnicalNotefor

furtherinformation.

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ForMoreInformation

Additionalinformationongrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesisavailableonlineat/bdm.Thisinformationincludesdataforthelevelsandratesofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesbyfirm

size,notseasonallyadjusteddataandseasonallyadjustedtimeseriesnotpresentedinthisrelease,chartsofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesbyindustryandfirmsize,andanswerstofrequentlyasked

questions.AdditionalinformationabouttheBusinessEmploymentDynamicsdatacanbefoundintheTechnicalNoteofthisreleaseorcanbeobtainedbyemailingBDMinfo@.

TheBusinessEmploymentDynamicsnewsreleaseforFirstQuarter2026isscheduledtobepublishedonWednesday,October28,2026,at10:00a.m.(ET).

RevisionstoBusinessEmploymentDynamics(BED)Data

ThereleaseofFirstQuarter2026BusinessEmploymentDynamicsdata,scheduledforOctober28,

2026,willincorporateannualrevisionsinaccordancewithstandardprocedures.Therevisionswill

includethepreviousfourquartersofnotseasonallyadjusteddataandfiveyearsofseasonallyadjusteddata.ChartsinthePDFversionofthepressreleasewillbemodifiedtoshowthemostrecentfiveyearsofseasonallyadjusteddata.

TechnicalNote

TheBusinessEmploymentDynamics(BED)dataareaproductofafederal-statecooperativeprogramknownastheQuarterlyCensusofEmploymentandWages(QCEW).TheBEDdataarecompiledbytheU.S.BureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)fromexistingQCEWrec-ords.MostemployersintheU.S.arerequiredtofilequarterlyreportsontheemploymentandwagesofworkerscoveredbyunemploymentinsurance(UI)lawsandtopayquarterlyUItaxes.TheQCEWisbasedlargelyonquarterlyUIreportswhicharesentbybusinessestotheStateWorkforceAgencies(SWAs).TheseUIreportsaresupple-mentedbytwoadditionalBLSdatacollectionstorenderadministra-tivedataintoeconomicstatistics.TogetherthesedatacomprisetheQCEWandformthebasisoftheBureau’sestablishmentuniversesamplingframe.

ThesereportsareusedtoproducethequarterlyQCEWdataontotalemploymentandwagesandthelongitudinalBEDdataongrossjobgainsandlosses.TheQCEWisalsotheemploymentbenchmarkfortheCurrentEmploymentStatistics(CES),OccupationalEmploy-mentStatistics(OES),andJobOpeningsandLaborTurnoverSurvey(JOLTS)programsandisamajorinputtotheBureauofEconomicAnalysis’sPersonalIncomeAccounts.

IntheBEDprogram,thequarterlyQCEWrecordsarelinkedacrossquarterstoprovidealongitudinalhistoryforeachestablish-ment.Thelinkageprocessallowsthetrackingofnetemploymentchangesattheestablishmentlevel,whichinturnallowstheestima-tionofjobsgainedatopeningandexpandingunitsandjobslostatclosingandcontractingunits.

DifferencesbetweenQCEW,BED,andCESemploymentmeasures

TheBureaupublishesthreedifferentestablishment-basedemploy-mentmeasuresforanygivenquarter.Eachofthesemeasures—Quar-terlyCensusofEmploymentandWages,BusinessEmploymentDy-namics,andCurrentEmploymentStatistics—makesuseofthequar-terlyUIemploymentreportsinproducingdata;however,eachmeas-urehasasomewhatdifferentuniversecoverage,estimationproce-dure,andpublicationproduct.

Differencesincoverageandestimationmethodscanresultinsomewhatdifferentmeasuresofemploymentchangeovertime.Itisimportanttounderstandprogramdifferencesandtheintendedusesoftheprogramproducts.(Seetable.)Additionalinformationoneachprogramcanbeobtainedfromtheprogramwebsitesshowninthetable.

Coverage

EmploymentandwagedataforworkerscoveredbystateUIandUnemploymentCompensationforFederalEmployees(UCFE)lawsarecompiledfromquarterlycontributionreportssubmittedtothe

SWAsbyemployers.Inadditiontothequarterlycontributionre-ports,employerswhooperatemultipleestablishmentswithinastatecompleteaquestionnaire,calledthe“MultipleWorksiteReport,”whichprovidesdetailedinformationonthelocationoftheirestab-lishments.Thesereportsarebasedonplaceofemploymentratherthanplaceofresidence.UIandUCFEcoverageisbroadandbasi-callycomparablefromstatetostate.

MajorexclusionsfromUIcoverageareself-employedworkers,religiousorganizations,mostagriculturalworkersonsmallfarms,allmembersoftheArmedForces,electedofficialsinmoststates,mostemployeesofrailroads,somedomesticworkers,moststudentwork-ersatschools,andemployeesofcertainsmallnonprofitorganiza-tions.

Grossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesinthisreleasearederivedfromlongitudinalhistoriesof9.5millionprivate-sectoremployerre-portsoutof12.2milliontotalreportsofemploymentandwagessub-mittedbystatestoBLSinthefirstquarterof2025.Grossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesdatainthisreleasedonotreportestimatesforgovernmentemployeesorprivatehouseholds(NAICS814110)anddonotincludeestablishmentswithzeroemploymentinbothpreviousandcurrentquarters.DatafromPuertoRicoandtheVirginIslandsarealsoexcludedfromthenationaldata.Thetablebelowshows,inmillionsofestablishments,thenumberofestablishmentsexcludedfromthenationalgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesdatainthefirstquarterof2025.

Numberofactiveestablishmentsincludedin

BusinessEmploymentDynamicsdataatthenationallevel

Millions

TotalestablishmentsQCEWprogram 12.

2

Excluded:Publicsector 0.

3

Privatehouseholds 0.

2

Zeroemployment 2.

2

TotalestablishmentsincludedinBusiness

EmploymentDynamicsdata 9.

5

SummaryofMajorDifferencesbetweenQCEW,BED,andCESEmploymentMeasures

QCEW

BED

CES

Source

CountofUIadministrativerecordssubmittedby12.2millionestablish-mentsinfirstquarterof2025

Countoflongitudinally-linkedUIad-ministrativerecordssubmittedby9.5millionprivate-sectorestablishments

Samplesurvey:631,000establishments

Coverage

UIandUCFEcoverage,includingallemployerssubjecttostateandfederalUIlaws

UIcoverage,excludinggovernment,privatehouseholds,andestablish-mentswithzeroemployment

Nonfarmwageandsalaryjobs:

UIcoverage,excludingagriculture,privatehouseholds,andself-employedworkers

Otheremployment,includingrailroads,religiousorganizations,andothernon-UI-coveredjobs

Publicationfre-quency

Quarterly

—6monthsaftertheendofeachquarter

Quarterly

—7monthsaftertheendofeachquarter

Monthly

—Usuallythe3rdFridayaftertheendoftheweekincludingthe12thofthemonth

UseofUIfile

DirectlysummarizesandpublisheseachnewquarterofUIdata

LinkseachnewUIquartertolongitu-dinaldatabaseanddirectlysumma-rizesgrossjobgainsandlosses

UsesUIfileasasamplingframeandtoannuallyrealignsample-basedestimatestopopulationcounts(benchmarking)

Principal

products

Providesaquarterlyandannualuni-versecountofestablishments,em-ployment,andwagesatthecounty,metropolitanstatisticalarea(MSA),state,andnationallevelsbydetailedindustry

Providesquarterlyemployerdynam-icsdataonestablishmentopenings,

closings,expansions,andcontractionsatthenationallevelbyNAICSsuper-sectors,3-digitNAICS,andbysizeoffirm,andatthestateprivate-sectorto-tallevel

FutureexpansionswillincludedatawithgreaterindustrydetailanddataatthecountyandMSAlevels

Providescurrentmonthlyestimatesofemployment,hours,andearningsattheMSA,state,andnationallevelsbyin-dustry

Principaluses

Majorusesinclude:

—Detailedlocalitydata

—Periodicuniversecountsfor

benchmarkingsamplesurveyes-timates

—SampleframeforBLSestablish-mentsurveys

Majorusesinclude:

—Businesscycleanalysis

—Analysisofemployerdynamicsunderlyingeconomicexpansionsandcontractions

—Analysisofemploymentexpan-sionandcontractionbysizeoffirm

Majorusesinclude:

—Principalfederaleconomicindicator—Officialtimeseriesforemployment

changemeasures

—Inputintoothermajoreconomicin-dicators

Programwebsites

/cew

/bdm

/ces

Unitofanalysis

EstablishmentsareusedinthetabulationoftheBEDstatisticsbyindustry,andfirmsareusedinthetabulationoftheBEDsizeclassstatistics.Anestablishmentisdefinedasaneconomicunitthatpro-ducesgoodsorservices,usuallyatasinglephysicallocation,anden-gagesinoneorpredominantlyoneactivity.Afirmisalegalbusiness,eithercorporateorotherwise,andmayconsistofseveralestablish-ments.Firm-leveldataarecompiledbasedonanaggregationofestab-lishmentsundercommonownershipbyacorporateparentusingem-ployertaxidentificationnumbers.Thefirmlevelaggregation,whichisconsistentwiththeroleofcorporationsastheeconomicdecision

makers,isusedforthemeasurementofBEDdataelementsbysizeclass.

Becauseofthedifferenceintheunitofanalysis,totalgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesbysizeclassarelowerthantotalgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesbyindustry,assomeestablishmentgainsandlosseswithinafirmareoffsetduringtheaggregationprocess.However,thetotalnetchangesinemploymentarethesamefornotseasonallyadjusteddataandaresimilarforseasonallyadjusteddata.

Conceptsandmethodology

TheBusinessEmploymentDynamicsdatameasurethenetchangeinemploymentattheestablishmentorfirmlevel.Thesechangescomeaboutinoneoffourways.Anetincreaseinemploymentcancomefromeitheropeningunitsorexpandingunits.Anetdecreaseinem-ploymentcancomefromeitherclosingunitsorcontractingunits.Grossjobgainsincludethesumofalljobsaddedateitheropeningorexpandingunits.Grossjoblossesincludethesumofalljobslostineitherclosingorcontractingunits.Thenetchangeinemploymentisthedifferencebetweengrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses.

Theformaldefinitionsofemploymentchangesareasfollows:

Openings.Theseareeitherunitswithpositivethirdmonthemploy-mentforthefirsttimeinthecurrentquarter,withnolinkstothepriorquarter,orwithpositivethirdmonthemploymentinthecurrentquar-terfollowingzeroemploymentinthepreviousquarter.

Expansions.Theseareunitswithpositiveemploymentinthethirdmonthinboththepreviousandcurrentquarters,withanetincreaseinemploymentoverthisperiod.

Closings.Theseareunitswithpositivethirdmonthemploymentinthepreviousquarterandeithernotreported,orreportedwithzeroem-ployment,inthecurrentquarter.

Contractions.Theseareunitswithpositiveemploymentinthethirdmonthinboththepreviousandcurrentquarters,withanetdecreaseinemploymentoverthisperiod.

Births.Theseareunitswithpositivethirdmonthemploymentforthefirsttimeinthecurrentquarterwithnolinkstothepriorquarter,orunitswithpositivethirdmonthemploymentinthecurrentquarterandzeroemploymentinthethirdmonthofthepreviousfourquarters.Birthsareasubsetofopeningsnotincludingre-openingsofseasonalbusinesses.

Deaths.Theseareunitswithnoemploymentorzeroemploymentreportedinthethirdmonthoffourconsecutivequartersfollowingthelastquarterwithpositiveemployment.Deathsareasubsetofclosingsnotincludingtemporaryshutdownsofseasonalbusinesses.Aunitthatclosesduringthequartermaybeadeath,butwewaitthreequarterstodeterminewhetheritisapermanentclosingoratemporaryshutdown.Therefore,thereisalwaysalagofthreequartersforthepublicationofdeathstatistics.

Allemploymentchangesaremeasuredfromthethirdmonthofthepreviousquartertothethirdmonthofthecurrentquarter.Notalles-tablishmentsandfirmschangetheiremploymentlevels.Unitswithnochangeinemploymentcounttowardsestimatesoftotalemployment,butnotforlevelsofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses.

Grossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesareexpressedasratesbydi-vidingtheirlevelsbytheaverageofemploymentinthecurrentandpreviousquarters.Thisprovidesasymmetricgrowthrate.Theratesarecalculatedforthecomponentsofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesandthensummedtoformtheirrespectivetotals.Theseratescanbeaddedandsubtractedjustastheirlevelscan.Forinstance,thedifferencebetweenthegrossjobgainsrateandthegrossjoblossesrateisthenetgrowthrate.

EstablishmentBirthsandDeaths

ForthepurposeofBEDstatistics,birthsaredefinedasestablish-mentsthatappearinthelongitudinaldatabaseforthefirsttimewithpositiveemploymentinthethirdmonthofaquarter,orshowedfourconsecutivequartersofzeroemploymentinthethirdmonthfollowedbyaquarterinwhichitshowspositiveemploymentinthethirdmonth.Similarly,deathsaredefinedasestablishmentsthateitherdropoutof

thelongitudinaldatabaseorestablishmentsthathadpositiveemploy-mentinthethirdmonthofagivenquarterfollowedbyfourconsecu-tivequartersofshowingzeroemploymentinthethirdmonth.Alt-houghthedataforestablishmentbirthsanddeathsaretabulatedinde-pendentlyfromthedataforopeningsandclosings,theconceptsarenotmutuallyexclusive.Anestablishmentthatisdefinedasabirthinagivenquarterisnecessarilyanopeningaswell,andanestablishmentdefinedasadeathinaquartermustalsobeaclosing.Sinceopeningsincludeseasonalandotherre-openings,andclosingsincludetempo-raryshutdowns,thenotseasonallyadjustedvaluesforbirthsanddeathsmustbelessthanthoseforopeningsandclosings.However,becausesomeBEDseriesdonothavemanyre-openingsortemporaryshutdowns,aswellasthefactthatbirthsanddeathsareindependentlyseasonallyadjustedfromopeningsandclosings,theremaybein-stancesinwhichtheseasonallyadjustedvalueoftheformerisgreaterthanthelatter.

Linkagemethodology

Priortothemeasurementofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses,QCEWrecordsarelinkedacrosstwoquarters.Thelinkageprocessmatchesestablishments'uniqueSWAidentificationnumbers(SWA-ID).Between95and97percentofestablishmentsidentifiedascon-tinuousfromquartertoquarterarematchedbySWA-ID.Therestarelinkedinoneofthreeways.Thefirstmethodusespredecessorandsuccessorinformation,identifiedbythestates,whichrelatesrecordswithdifferentSWA-IDsacrossquarters.Predecessorandsuccessorrelationscancomeaboutforavarietyofreasons,includingachangeinownership,afirmrestructuring,oraUIaccountrestructuring.Ifamatchcannotbeattainedinthismanner,aprobability-basedmatchisused.Thismatchattemptstoidentifytwoestablishmentswithdiffer-entSWA-IDsascontinuous.Thematchisbaseduponcomparisonssuchasthesamename,address,andphonenumber.Third,ananalystexaminesunmatchedrecordsindividuallyandmakesapossiblematch.

Inordertoensurethehighestpossiblequalityofdata,SWAsverifywithemployersandupdate,ifnecessary,theindustry,location,andownershipclassificationofallestablishmentsona3-yearcycle.Changesinestablishmentclassificationcodesresultingfromtheveri-ficationprocessareintroducedwiththedatareportedforthefirstquar-teroftheyear.Changesresultingfromimprovedemployerreportingalsoareintroducedinthefirstquarter.

Sizingmethodology

ThemethodofdynamicsizingisusedincalculationsfortheBEDsizeclassdataseries.Dynamicsizingallocateseachfirm’semploy-mentgainorlossduringaquartertoeachrespectivesizeclassinwhichthechangeoccurred.Forexample,ifafirmgrewfrom2em-ployeesinquarter1to38employeesinquarter2,then,ofthe36-em-ployeeincrease,2wouldbeallocatedtothefirstsizeclass,5tothesizeclass5to9,10tosizeclass10to19,and19tosizeclass20to49.

Dynamicsizingprovidessymmetricalfirm-sizeestimatesandelim-inatesanysystematiceffectswhichmaybecausedbythetransitoryandrevertingchangesinfirms’sizesovertime.Additionally,itallo-cateseachjobgainorlosstotheactualsizeclasswhereitoccurred.

AnnualData

Theannualgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesmeasurethenetchangeinemploymentattheestablishmentlevelfromthethirdmonthofaquarterinthepreviousyeartothethirdmonthofthesamequarterinthecurrentyear.TheBLSpublishesannualBEDdatabasedon

March-to-Marchchangesonceayearwiththereleaseofthefirstquar-terBEDdata.Theannualdatabasedonover-the-yearchangesforotherquartersoftheyearareavailableuponrequest.Thedefinitionsandmethodologyinmeasuringannualgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesaresimilartothequarterlymeasures.Thelinkagemethodcon-sidersallpredecessorandsuccessorrelationsthatmaycomeaboutduetochangesinownershipandcorporaterestructuringovertheentireyear.Attheestablishmentlevel,someofthequarterlyjobgainsandjoblossesareoffsetduringtheestimationovertheyear.Therefore,thesumoffourquartersofgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblossesarenotequaltoannualgrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses.Thenetchangeinemploymentovertheyear,however,isequaltothesumoffourquarterlynetchangesonanotseasonallyadjustedbasis.

Seasonaladjustment

Overthecourseofayear,thelevelsofemploymentandtheassoci-atedjobflowsundergosharpfluctuationsduetosuchseasonaleventsaschangesintheweather,reducedorexpandedproduction,harvests,majorholidays,andtheopeningandclosingofschools.Theeffectofsuchseasonalvariationcanbeverylarge.

Becausetheseseasonaleventsfollowamoreorlessregularpatterneachyear,theirinfluencecanbeeliminatedbyadjustingthesestatis-ticsfromquartertoquarter.Theseadjustmentsmakenonseasonalde-velopments,suchasdeclinesineconomicactivity,easiertorecognize.Forexample,thelargenumberofyouthstakingsummerjobsislikelytoobscureotherchangesthathavetakenplaceinJunerelativetoMarch,makingitdifficulttodetermineifthelevelofeconomicactiv-ityhasrisenordeclined.However,becausetheeffectofstudentsfin-ishingschoolinpreviousyearsisknown,thestatisticsforthecurrentyearcanbeadjustedtoallowforacomparablechange.Theadjustedfiguresprovideamoreusefultoolwithwhichtoanalyzechangesineconomicactivity.

Theemploymentdataseriesforopening,expanding,closing,andcontractingunitsareindependentlyseasonallyadjusted;netchangesarecalculatedbasedonthedifferencebetweengrossjobgainsandgrossjoblosses.Similarly,forindustrydata,theestablishmentcountsdataseriesforopening,expanding,closing,andcontractingestablish-mentsareindependentlyadjusted,andthenetchangesarecalculatedbasedonthedifferencebetweenthenumberofopeningandclosingestablishments.Additionally,establishmentandemploymentlevelsareindependentlyseasonallyadjustedtocalculatetheseasonallyad-justedrates.ConcurrentseasonaladjustmentisrunusingX-13ARIMA-SEATS.Seasonallyadjusteddataseriesfortotalprivatearethesumofseasonallyadjusteddataofallsectorsincludingtheunclas-sifiedsector,whichisnotseparatelypublished.

Thenetover-the-quarterchangederivedbysummingtheBEDcomponentserieswilldifferfromthenetemploymentchangeesti-matedfromtheseasonallyadjustedtotalprivateemploymentseries

fromtheCESprogram.TheintendeduseofBEDstatisticsistoshowthedynamiclabormarketchangesthatunderliethenetemploymentchangestatistic.Assuch,datausersinterestedparticularlyinthenetemploymentchangeandnotinthegrossjobflowsunderlyingthischangeshouldrefertoCESdataforover-the-quarternetemploymentchanges.

Reliabilityofthedata

SincethedataseriesonBusinessEmploymentDynamicsarebasedonadministrativeratherthansampledata,therearenoissuesrelatedtosamplingerror.Nonsamplingerror,how