第二讲　推理判断题-重在合情合理

第二讲推理判断题——重在合情合理推理判断题属于深层次的阅读理解题。解答该类题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。内容索引02.题型二03.题型三04.题型四06.练重点练难点创新应用体验01.题型一05.题型五01.题型一知答题方略一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推断隐含题1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理。2.整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。3.以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。明命题方式推断隐含意义类题的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________．◆Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat________．◆Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________．◆Whatcanweinferabout...？◆Whatdoesthe...paragraphimply？经典感悟(2025·全国一卷阅读C)．..Describingheralarmatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor(市长)tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjustrushthrough.”SimilarcampaignsoccurredinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970saswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerecompletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsforjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrateofcarownershipintheworld.30．WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?A．Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B．Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.C．Theywongovernmentsupport.D．Theyadvocatedbuildingnewparks.,答题微点[解题示范]第一步找关键词：题干中的关键信息为“thecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s”。

第二步寻信息句：根据关键句“Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,...Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.”可知，尽管有这些运动，

但是大多数西方城市还是围绕汽车的需求进行彻底的重新设计，

路上的汽车数量猛增。第三步揣摩含义：城市规划仍以道路为中心，故推断这些运动基本上是无效的。[自主解答]

.B答题方略02.题型二知答题方略观点和态度分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。注意作者或文中人物的措辞：1.分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；2.留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；3.结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。明命题方式观点态度题的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...？◆Whatistheauthor'sopinionon/about...？◆Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards/to...？◆Theauthor'sattitudetowards...canbedescribedas________．◆Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...？经典感悟(2024·全国甲卷阅读C)TheannualarrivaloftheSaintLukasisanotherattempttoimprovethesituation.For10monthseveryyear，thetrainstopsatabouteightstationsovertwoweeks，beforereturningtotheregionalcapitaltorefuelandrestock(补给).Thenitstartsalloveragainthenextmonth.Moststationswaitaboutayearbetweenvisits.Doctorsseeupto150patientseveryday.Thetrain'sequipmentallowsforbasiccheckups.“Iwasveryimpressedbythedoctorsandtheirassistantsworkingandlivinginsuchlittlespacebutstillstayingfocusedandveryconcerned，”saysDucke.“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”31．WhatisDucke'sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas'services?A．Appreciative.B．Doubtful.C．Ambiguous.D．Cautious.答题微点[解题示范]第一步看题干：确定题干中的关键词为“Ducke'sattitudetowardtheSaintLukas'services”。第二步读原文：根据关键词定位信息句为选段最后一段中Ducke的话“Iwasveryimpressed”和“Theywerethebestchanceformanyruralpeopletogetthetreatmenttheywant.”。第三步定答案：最后一段Ducke的话可知，Ducke对服务持赞扬、感激态度。[自主解答]

.A答题方略03.题型三知答题方略明命题方式写作意图通常有以下三种：1.toentertainreaders/totellanexperience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。2.topersuadereaders/tosellaproductoraservice/toattractreadersorvisitors常见于广告。3.toinformreaders/toreport/totell/todescribesth.多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议性的文章。写作意图题的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext？◆Whatisthepurpose/intentionoftheauthorinwritingthispassage？◆Forwhatpurposedidtheauthorwritethepassage？◆Thewriterwritesthispassageinorderto...◆Whatdoes...wanttoexplainby...？经典感悟(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B)LeighTindale'sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber'streatmentseasedherdog'ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisanyindication,hemayberight:Since1982,membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociationhasgrownfrom30toover700.“Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell，”hesays.“Iwilldoanythingtohelpananimal.That'smyjob.”27．WhydoestheauthormentiontheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociation?A．ToproveFarber'spoint.B．Toemphasizeitsimportance.C．Topraiseveterinarians.D．Toadvocateanimalprotection.答题微点[解题示范]第一步看题干：确定题干中的关键词为“Whydoestheauthormention”。第二步读原文：根据关键词定位信息句为“Since1982,membership...hasgrownfrom30toover700.”。第三步定答案：关键句具体解释上文中的“thepast”，所以作者提及该组织是为了证明冒号前所说的“hemayberight”。[自主解答]

.A答题方略04.题型四知答题方略明命题方式文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。文章出处题和类型题的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken？◆Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound？◆Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________？◆Wherewouldthepassagemostprobablyappear？经典感悟(2023·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)Reading

Art:Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists'representationsofbooksandreading，weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks，”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations...28．Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A．Anintroductiontoabook.B．Anessayontheartofwriting.C．Aguidebooktoamuseum.D．Areviewofmodernpaintings.答题微点[解题示范]第一步找关键词：题干中的关键信息为“where”和“is...takenfrom”。第二步寻信息句：根据关键信息可知本题考查文章出处。可以通过看内容或看关键词来快速解此类题。第三步比对答案：根据第一段第一句“Reading

Art：Art

for

Book

Loversisacelebration...threehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.”和第二段第一句“Inthis‘bookofbooks，’artworksareselectedandarranged...”可知，这本书展示了来自世界各地博物馆的近300件艺术品，且本文主要是对该书内容的介绍，故可以推知，本文最有可能摘自书的序言。[自主解答]

.A答题方略05.题型五知答题方略明命题方式通过文中出现的人称、作品以及外在评价判断作者身份；确定读者对象要从文章主题和文章措辞来判断。文章推断题的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：◆Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext？◆Whatdoes“I”refertointhetext？◆Whowerethenewspapersofthenewtrendtargetedat？经典感悟(2021·全国乙卷阅读D)Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干扰)inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That'swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus.”Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局).ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.35．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A．He'sanewsreporter.B．He'sanofficemanager.C．He'saprofessionaldesigner.D．He'sapublishedwriter.答题微点[解题示范]第一步找关键词：题干中的关键信息为“what”和“theauthorfromthetext”。第二步寻信息句：根据文章出现的人称、作品以及外界评价可判断作者身份。第三步比对答案：通过关键信息：“Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.”可以推测出，作者的身份是一位出版作家。[自主解答]

.D答题方略06.练重点练难点创新应用体验A(2025·广东联考)Searchingforawaytobreathelifeintooverlookedobjectsandforgottenevents,Erinstartedhercareerworkinginmuseums.Beforelong,shefoundherselfwritingaresourcemanual(使用手册)forteachers,leadingschooltours,andengagingstudentsininteractiveprograms.Sherealizedthattheenthusiasmshesawonfieldtripswasmissingintoomanyclassrooms,andshedecidedtodosomethingaboutit.Forthepasteightyears,ErinhastaughtsocialstudiesintheMilwaukeearea．

Hermissionisnotonlytoraiseanddevelopcuriosityaboutthepast,butalsotomotivatestudentstoupdatetheirknowledgeinthepresent.Oneday,aneighthgradercomplainedthatthereadingassignmentfromahistorytextbookwasinaccurate.Ifyou'reateacher,thatkindofcriticismcouldbeaheadache.Usinganoutdatedtextbookwouldbeasignthatyoudon'tknowyourmaterial,anditwouldbeembarrassingifyourstudentsnoticedtheerrorbeforeyoudid.ButErinhadassignedthatparticularreadingintentionally.Shecollectsoldhistorybooksbecausesheenjoysseeinghowthestorieswetellchangeovertime,andshedecidedtogiveherstudentspartofatextbookfrom1940.Someofthemjustacceptedtheinformationitpresentedwithoutcriticalthinking.Throughyearsofeducation,theyhadcometotakeitforgrantedthattextbookstoldthetruth.Otherswereshockedbyerrorsandomissions(删减).Itwasrootedintheirmindsthattheirreadingswerefilledwithundeniablefacts.Thelessonledthemtostartthinkinglikescientistsandquestioningwhattheywerelearning:Whosestorywasincluded,whosewasexcluded,andwhatweretheymissingifonlyoneortwoviewpointswereshared?Afteropeningherstudents'eyestothefactthatknowledgecangetupdated,Erin'snextstepwastoshowthemthatit'salwayschanginganddeveloping.【语篇解读】

本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了Erin如何通过创新的教学方法激发学生对历史的兴趣和提升学生的批判性思维能力。1．WhatinspiredErintowanttomakeadifference?A．Students'lackofpassioninclass.B．Herworkingexperienceinthemuseum.C．Theoutdatedtextbooksusedinschools.D．Theeagernesstoexploreforgottenevents.A推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Sherealizedthattheenthusiasmshesawonfieldtripswasmissingintoomanyclassrooms,andshedecidedtodosomethingaboutit.”可知，Erin在博物馆工作时发现，学生们在实地考察中表现出的热情在课堂上却常常缺失。由此可推知，是学生在课堂上缺乏热情激发了Erin想要做出改变。故选A。2．WhatmaymakeateacherawkwardaccordingtoParagraph3?A．Teachingwithonlyoneviewpoint.B．Failingtoanswerstudents'questions.C．Studentsknowingmorethantheteacher.D．Studentsfindingmistakesbeforeteachersdo.D细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Usinganoutdatedtextbookwouldbeasignthatyoudon'tknowyourmaterial,anditwouldbeembarrassingifyourstudentsnoticedtheerrorbeforeyoudid.”可知，如果学生在老师之前发现教科书中的错误，这会让老师感到尴尬。故选D。3．WhydidErinmakeherstudentsreadoldhistorybooks?A．Tohelpthemadmirehistory.B．Topreparethemforahistoryquiz.C．Todevelopstudents'criticalthinking.D．Toteachthemhowtofixerrorsintextbooks.C推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Erin让学生读旧历史书，一些学生不加批判地接受信息，而另一些学生对错误和删减感到震惊，这节课让他们开始像科学家一样思考并质疑所学内容，由此可推断出，Erin让学生读旧历史书是为了培养学生的批判性思维。故选C。4．Whichcolumnofamagazinemaythetextbetakenfrom?A．HistoryFacts.B．ScientificFindings.C．EducationInnovations.D．CareerDevelopment.C推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Sherealizedthattheenthusiasmshesawonfieldtripswasmissingintoomanyclassrooms,andshedecidedtodosomethingaboutit.”可知，文章主要讲述了Erin发现课堂上学生缺乏热情的问题，然后通过让学生读旧历史书培养他们的批判性思维，这是一种教育创新。所以文章可能来自杂志的“教育创新”专栏。故选C。B(2025·贵阳联考)SincethepublicreleaseofChatGPT,we'veinteractedmoreandmorewithchatbotsandotherprogramsthatusenaturallanguageprocessingandgenerativeartificialintelligencetosimulateconversation.Andthere'salotwewanttoknow.Howdochatbotsgeneratetheiranswerstoourquestions?Howandwheredotheygettheirinformation?Couldachatboteverformagenuineconnectionwithahuman?Andatwhatpointmightthechatbotitselfseemhuman?ThesearethequestionsthecartoonistandwriterAmyKurzweilbringstoArtificial:A

Love

Story,agraphicmemoirthattakesaheartfeltlookatthetechnologicaldimensionsofhumanconnection.Kurzweil'sperspectiveandstorytellingshowshercloserelationshipwithherfather,computerscientistandinventorRayKurzweil,whohaslongpredictedtheeventualmergingofhumanandmachine.Atitscore,Artificialisanintimatestoryabouthowwepreservethebondsoffamilyandthemeaningofheritageacrossphysicalandtemporaldistances.Kurzweilnarratesthelifeofhergrandfather,Fritz“Fred”Kurzweil,whodiedwhenRaywasonly22.NowFrediscomingbacktolife,inaway,throughAI.Hismemories,piecedtogetherthroughpersonallettersanddocumentation,havebecomedata,fedtoanalgorithm(算法)forRayKurzweil'slatestinvention:Fredbot,achatbotthatwillwriteinthevoiceofhisfather.AmyKurzweil,whowastaskedwithgatheringanddigitizingthousandsofold,oftenhandwrittendocuments,bringsakeeneyetoherillustrations,contrastingtheambitiousgoalsofherfather'sprojectandthemundanityofsiftingthrough(仔细筛选)fileafterfile,boxafterbox,inafamilystorageunit.Throughoutthenarrative,shethinksaboutthemeaningnotonlyofthesematerialsbutalsoofthedigitalrelicsofoureverydaylives.Humanpresenceispowerful,yetitisalsofleeting.Itcanarisethroughthetechnologiesweusetoconnectwithothersbutissubjecttothemistakesofmemoryandperspective.Kurzweilexpressesagrowingunderstandingofherfamily'slegacyandhowithasinfluencedherlifeasanartistandherrelationships.【语篇解读】

本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Artificial：A

Love

Story一书，通过讲述AmyKurzweil利用AI技术重现祖父记忆的故事，深刻探讨了科技时代下人类情感的纽带与传承。5．WhatisthemaintopicofArtificial:A

Love

Story?A．Thepredictionofthemergingofhumanandmachine.B．Theexplorationofhumanbondintechnolog