新编英语国家概况 课件 Chapter 13 Literature

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesChapter13LiteratureLead-inWatchthevideoandthinkaboutthequestion.Whatisthemostimpressivethingyoulearnedfromthevideo?ThinkandTalkDiscusswithyourpartnerbeforewebegin.1.WhatdoyouknowaboutmajorliterarymovementsinAmerica?2.WhatdoyouknowaboutMarkTwainandhisfamousworks?3.WhatdoyouknowaboutErnestHemingwayandhismajorworks?4.WhatisDeathofaSalesmanabout?Contents01TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsTheRomanticPeriodTheRealisticPeriod020304TheNaturalisticPeriodContents05TheModernPeriodTheContemporaryPeriodQuiz0607PART01TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsTheColonialPeriod:fromthefoundingofthefirstpermanentsettlementatJamestown(1607)totheoutbreakoftheAmericanRevolution(1775)Writingsofthisperiod:mostlyreligious,practical,orhistoricalMajortopic:AmericanPuritanismTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsRepresentatives:JonathanEdwards(1703-1758)representingAmericanPuritanism—

religiousidealismaleadingfigureinthereligiousrevivalknownastheGreatAwakeningoneoftheforerunnersoftheProtestantmissionaryexpansioninthe19thcenturyBest-knownwork:“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”—anintimidatingsermonTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsBenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)representingAmericancharacter—level-headedcommonsensearemarkablyaccomplishedindividualwhoachievedsignificantsuccessinvariousfieldspoliticalleader,diplomat,scientist,andinventorFamousworks:

PoorRichard’sAlmanac,AutobiographyTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsPoorRichard’sAlmanac(1732)aliteraryachievementandaprofitablebusinesspublishedcontinuouslyforaquarterofacenturyWell-knownsayings:“Apennysavedisapennyearned”and“Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.”TheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsAutobiographyoneofthemostwidelyreadautobiographiesrecordinghisrisefrompovertyandobscuritytowealthandfameemphasizingtheimportanceofvirtues,hardwork,education,andself-disciplinearecordofself-examinationandself-improvementTheColonialandRevolutionaryPeriodsTheRevolutionaryPeriodbetween1765and1790Themostrepresentativework:ThomasJefferson’sDeclarationofIndependenceTheuseofrhetoricalquestions,parallelism,andrepetitionhelpsexpressperfectlythenation’sardentlongingforfreedom.FictionandPoetryPART02TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriodoneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,alsoknownasthe“AmericanRenaissance”roughlyfromthe1820stothe1860sTheRomanticPeriodDuringtheperiod,mostAmericanwritersplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsandpaidgreaterattentiontothepsychicstatesofthecharacters.TheycelebratedAmerica’slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Theystressedindividualismandthevalueofthecommonpeople.TheRomanticPeriod:FictionWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)oftenregardedasthefatherofAmericanliteraturethefirstAmericanwritertoachieveaninternationalliteraryreputationrenownedforhisshortstoriesthathumorouslyexploreAmericanhistoryandcultureMostfamousstories:“RipVanWinkle”(1819)and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”(1819)TheRomanticPeriod:FictionJamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)Famouswork:theLeatherstockingTales,aseriesoffivenovelsthatincludeThePioneers(1823),TheLastoftheMohicans(1826),ThePrairie(1827),ThePathfinder(1840),andTheDeerslayer(1841)Theprominentfigurethroughouttheseriesisafrontiersmanhero,NattyBumppo,whorepresentstheidealAmerican.TheRomanticPeriod:FictionRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)theleadingfigureofNewEnglandTranscendentalism—thesummitofAmericanRomanticismTranscendentalism:therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingascientificknowledgeofanorderofexistencetranscendingthereachofthesensesTheRomanticPeriod:FictionHisfamecomesmainlyfromhisabilityasaspeaker.Hisessaysareusuallyderivedfromhislectureswithacasualstyle.generallyknownasanessayistBestworks:

Nature(1836)andEssays(1841,1844)TheRomanticPeriod:FictionNathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)afounderofAmericanpsychoanalyticfictionThemesofhisworks:theinherentsinandevilofhumanityHisworkshavedeeppsychologicalcomplexityandmorallessons.Themostfamousnovel:

TheScarletLetter(1850),usingsymbolismandmetaphortoexplorethemesofsin,guilt,andredemptioninaPuritansocietyOtherworks:

TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851),TheBlithedaleRomance(1852),andTheMarbleFaun(1860)TheRomanticPeriod:FictionEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)writingpoetry,shortstories,andmanyreviewsofliteraryworksHisstrangethemesandstylemakehimapioneeroftheGothicgenreofliterature.Hisworkswerenotwellreceivedbyhispeers,butexertedastronginfluenceonFrenchsymbolism.Masterpieces:“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”(1839)and“TheRaven”(1845)TheRomanticPeriod:FictionHermanMelville(1819-1891)Best-knownnovel:

MobyDick(1851)nowacknowledgedasoneoftheworld’sliterarymasterpiecesexploringthenatureofobsession,thecomplexitiesofhumanexistence,andtherelationshipbetweenhumanityandthenaturalworldTwokeyfiguresWaltWhitman(1819-1892)andEmilyDickinson(1830-1886)TheirpoetryexploresandextolstheemergingAmericaandfindsapoeticvoiceforitsAmericanness.TheRomanticPeriod:PoetryWaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass(1855):celebratingthebeautyandgrandeurofnature,theuniquenessanddignityofthehumanspirit,andtheintrinsicvalueofeveryindividualcombiningtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividualinhispoetryTheRomanticPeriod:Poetrydevisingthepoeticstyleknownasfreeverse–poetrywithoutafixedmeter

orregularrhymeschemebelievingthatthevoiceofdemocracyshouldnotbelimitedbytraditionalformsofversewantinghispoetrytobeforthecommonpeople,butironically,ignoredbythegeneralpublicturningtotheouterworldandembracingsociety,democracy,andthenationTheRomanticPeriod:PoetryWhitmanisoneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.EmilyDickinsoncastinghereyesinwardtoexploretheinnerlifeoftheindividualHerpoemsareshort,andthelongestisbut50lines.Naturewithitsmarvelouscreaturesandphenomenadwellsinherworld,andmetaphysicalthinkinglikedeathandimmortalityoccupieshermind.TheRomanticPeriod:PoetryMostfamouspoems:“MyLifeClosedTwiceBeforeItsClose”(1896),“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”(1890),and“ANarrowFellowintheGrass”(1866)Herpoetryisinnovativeinitsuseoflanguageandform:theuseofdashes,unconventionalcapitalization,andconciselines.TheRomanticPeriod:PoetryMarkTwain,HenryJames,andWilliamDeanHowellsPART03TheRealisticPeriodTheRealisticPeriodemerginginthelatterhalfofthe19thcenturyasareactionagainstRomanticismstressingthetruthfultreatmentofthematerialexpressesingtheconcernfortheworldofexperienceandthecommonplace,aswellasforthefamiliarandthelow

Thethreedominantfigures:MarkTwain,HenryJames,andWilliamDeanHowellsTheRealisticPeriodMarkTwain(1835-1910)thepennameofSamuelLanghorneClemensacclaimedforhisrealisticportrayaloflife,useofeverydaycolloquiallanguageandregionaldialectaskilledhumoristandsatirist,pokingfunatserioussubjectslikeslaveryTheRealisticPeriodMasterpiece:TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)ErnestHemingwayregardeditasabookfromwhich“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”concernedwithHuck’sinnerstrugglebetweenhissenseofguiltforhelpingJimescapeandhisprofoundconvictionthatJimisahumanbeingandnotpropertyTheRealisticPeriodOtherfamousnovels:TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876),ThePrinceandthePauper(1881),LifeontheMississippi(1883),andTheManThatCorruptedHadleyburg(1900)Onegreatcontribution:Hehasmadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediuminAmericanliterature.ThisstylesweptacrosstheAmericanliteraryworldanditsinfluencehasbeenfar-reaching.TheRealisticPeriodHenryJames(1843-1916)awriterwhoseworkspansthe19thand20thcenturiesandlinksAmericaandEuropefamerestingmainlyuponhismajorfictionaltheme–themeetingofAmericaandEuropeEuropeansinhisnovelsaremoresophisticated,moreconcernedwithart,andmoreawareofthesubtletiesofsocialsituations;WhileAmericansusuallydisplaymoralityandidealismwhichtheEuropeanslack.TheRealisticPeriodMajorworks:

TheAmerican(1877),DaisyMiller(1878),ThePortraitofaLady(1881),TheWingsoftheDove(1902),andTheGoldenBowl(1904)TheRealisticPeriodWilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)aneminentcriticandaprolificwriterForhim,realismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexternals,butincludesacentralconcernwith“motives”andpsychologicalconflicts.writingvolumesofdrama,poetry,andnovelsinadditiontocriticism,travelogs,andanautobiographyMasterpiece:TheRiseofSilasLapham(1885)StephenCraneandTheodoreDreiserPART04TheNaturalisticPeriodTheNaturalisticPeriodInthe1890s,FrenchNaturalismappealedtotheimaginationofmanyyoungerAmericanwriters.Itappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofictionanddrama.Itviewshumanbeingsasanimalsinanaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overwhichtheyhavenocontrolandnoneofwhichtheycanfullyunderstand.StephenCrane(1871-1900)anovelist,poet,andshort-storywriterFirstnovel:

Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893)tellingofagoodwoman’stragicdownfallanddestructioninaslumenvironmentFinestbook:

TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)Againsttheromanticviewofwarasasymbolofcourageandheroism,Craneregardswarasaslaughterhouse.TheNaturalisticPeriodTheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)oneofthefirstimportantwriterstocomefromthelowerclassHisnovelsdealwitheverydaylife,oftenitssordidside.HefindsthatAmericanvaluesarematerialistictothecore.famousforSisterCarrie(1900)andTrilogyofDesireMasterpiece:

AnAmericanTragedy(1925)ItexposesthedisillusionmentoftheAmericanDream.TheNaturalisticPeriodTheLostGenerationandModernPoetryPART05TheModernPeriodTheModernPeriod:TheLostGenerationTheLostGenerationreferstotheyoungAmericanwriterswhocaughtupinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvalues,yetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Representatives:

F.ScottFitzgeraldandErnestHemingwayAfterWorldWarI,manynovelistsproducedworksofdisillusionment.TheModernPeriod:TheLostGenerationF.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)Majorworks:

TalesoftheJazzAge(1922),TheBeautifulandDamned(1922),andTenderIstheNight(1934)Masterpiece:TheGreatGatsby(1925)ItexploresthemessuchastheAmericanDream,wealth,love,anddisillusionment.DiscussionAmericanDreamAnAmericanTragedyexposesthedisillusionmentoftheAmericanDream.Gatsby’sfailuremagnifiestoagreatextenttheendoftheAmericanDream.HowdidAmerica’ssocialandeconomicfactorsduringtheirtimeaffecttheliteraryviewsofTheodoreDreiserandFitzgerald?TheModernPeriod:TheLostGenerationErnestHemingway(1899-1961)aNobelPrizewinnerinliteratureoneofthebest-knownAmericanwritersofthe20thcenturyMajorworks:TheSunAlsoRises(1926),AFarewelltoArms(1929),ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940),andTheOldManandtheSea(1952)TheModernPeriod:TheLostGenerationInHemingway’sworld,manfightsasolitarystruggleagainstaforcehedoesnotevenunderstand.TheHemingwayherodemonstrates“despairingcourage”thatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,toasserthisdignityinthefaceofadversity.Writingstyle:useofcolloquiallanguage—concrete,specific,casualandconversationalwordsinshort,simplesentences,whichareorderlyandpatterned,sometimesungrammaticalTheModernPeriod:ModernPoetryEzraPound(1885-1972)oneofthemostinfluentialAmericanpoetsofthe20thcenturyspearheadingthedevelopmentofthenewschoolofpoetryknownasImagism,whichrevolutionizedpoetrybyadvocatingsimplicity,clarityofexpression,andprecisionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimagesadvocatingforconcise,vivid,andvisualpoetrythatavoidsclichésandsetphrasesdefining“image”assomethingthat“presentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime”Histranslationsintroducenewliterarypossibilitiesfrommanyculturestomodernwriters.Mostinfluentialwork:

TheCantos—anepicsequenceofpoemscomposedandpublishedinsectionsoverseveraldecadesTheModernPeriod:ModernPoetryAfricanAmericanWriters,JewishWriters,TheBeatMovement,WritersoftheSouth,Women’sVoicesandDramaPART06TheContemporaryPeriodNativeSon(1940)byRichardWrightandInvisibleMan(1952)byRalphEllisonexplorethethemesofraceandracialinjustice.GoTellItontheMountain(1953),byJamesBaldwin,keepsreadersawareofanoppressedracegroaningandstrugglingforsalvation.TheContemporaryPeriod:AfricanAmericanWritersSincethe1930s,AfricanAmericanwritershavebecomeinvolvedinthemainstreamofAmericanliterature.LangstonHughes(1901-1967)knownastheAfricanAmericans’poetlaureateandoneofthemostimportantliteraryfiguresoftheHarlemRenaissanceofthe1920sHeembracesAfricanAmericanjazzrhythmsandincorporatesblues,spirituals,colloquialspeech,andfolkwaysinhispoetry.notmerelyapoet,butalsoaplaywright,novelist,editor,translator,andnewspapercolumnistTheContemporaryPeriod:AfricanAmericanWritersMostbelovedpoem:“TheNegroSpeaksofRivers”(1921)reflectingHughes’Africananduniversalheritagesuggestingthat,likethegreatriversoftheworld,AfricanculturewillendureanddeepenTheContemporaryPeriod:AfricanAmericanWritersSaulBellow(1915-2005)oneofthemostoutstandingrepresentativesofJewishliteratureandwinningtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1976Famousworks:

DanglingMan(1944),TheVictim(1947),TheAdventuresofAugieMarch(1953),HendersontheRainKing(1959),Herzog(1964),Mr.Sammler’sPlanet(1970),andHumboldt’sGift(1975)TheContemporaryPeriod:JewishWritersJewishwritersnotonlyfocusingonJewishidentity,thestrugglesofimmigrantlife,andthechallengesofculturalacceptance,butalsobringingadistinctivelyJewishsenseofhumortotheirworksTheirworksoftencarryechoesofYiddish,thelanguageusedbyEuropeanJewsthathashelpedpreserveJewishcultureisolatedbutintactuntiltheearly20thcentury.TheContemporaryPeriod:JewishWritersbegininginthe1950sTheword“beat”suggestsanon-conformist,rebelliousattitudetowardconventionalvaluesconcerningsex,religion,andtheAmericanwayoflife,anattitudethatresultsfromthefeelingofdepressionandexhaustionandtheneedtoescapeintoanunconventional,communalwayoflife.TheContemporaryPeriod:TheBeatMovementThepioneersoftheBeatGeneration:AllenGinsberg,WilliamS.Burroughs,andJackKerouacTheyrebelledagainsttheconventionsofmainstreamAmericanlifeandwriting,andpromotedindividuality,spontaneity,andfreedomofexpression.Representativeworks:

AllenGinsberg’sHowl(1956),JackKerouac’sOntheRoad(1957),andWilliamS.Burroughs’NakedLunchTheContemporaryPeriod:TheBeatMovementWilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)acclaimedasoneofthegreatestwritersofthe20thcenturyawardedthe1949NobelPrizeinLiteratureMajorworks:

TheSoundandtheFury(1929),AsILayDying(1930),LightinAugust(1932),Absalom,Absalom!(1936),andGoDown,Moses(1942)MostofhisstoriesaresetintheAmericanSouth,exploringbasichumannatureandbasicpatternsofhumanbehavior.TheContemporaryPeriod:WritersoftheSouthThefeministmovementduringthe1960sandthe1970sgreatlyaffectedwomen’srelationshipswiththeoppositesexaswellasAmericanculture.Manywomenwritersexertedtheirinfluenceonworldliterature.TheContemporaryPeriod:Women’sVoicesToniMorrison(1931-2019)awardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1993thefirstAfricanAmericantowinaNobelPrizeInherworks,Morrisonexplorestheexperienceofblackwomeninaracistculture.Famousnovels:

TheBluestEye(1970)andBeloved(1987)TheContemporaryPeriod:Women’sVoicesAliceWalker(1944-)receivingthePulitzerPrizeforTheColorPurple(1982)activeinthecivilrightsmovementofthe1960sandspeakingforthewomen’smovementandtheanti-nuclearmovementHerworksconcernsexualandracialrealitieswithinblackcommunitiesandunavoidableconnectionsbetweenfamilyandsociety.TheContemporaryPeriod:Women’sVoicesusuallyportrayingmennegativelyHerfictionweavesbackandforththroughtimeandindividualperspectives,andhercharactersseekredemption,forgiveness,andpeace.TheContemporaryPeriod:Women’sVoicesAmyTan(1952-)aChineseAmericanwriterHerbooksportraythelivesofChineseAmericanwomenandtheimmigrantexperience.Herfirsttwonovels,TheJoyLuckClub(1989)andTheKitchenGod’sWife(1991),focusontherelationshipbetweenmotheranddaughter.Inherworks,Tandealswiththecharacters’conflictingemotions,whichareassociatedwithbeingnative-bornAmericansofChineseancestry.TheContemporaryPeriod:Women’sVoicesThe20thcenturywitnessedtheriseofAmericandrama.Representativeplaywrights:

EugeneO’Neill,TennesseeWilliams,andArthurMillerTheContemporaryPeriod:DramaEugeneO’Neill(1888-1953)oneofAmerica’sgreatestplaywrightswinningthe1936NobelPrizeinLiteratureandthePulitzerPrizefourtimesthefirstAmericanplaywrighttoregarddramaasseriousliteratureHisplaysarehighlyexperimentalinformandstyle,combiningliterarytheoriesofsymbolism,naturalism,andexpressionism.havingagreatinfluenceonlaterAmericanplaywrightsTheContemporaryPeriod:DramaFamousplays:

BeyondtheHorizon(1920),AnnaChristie(1922),TheHairyApe(1922),DesireUndertheElms(1924),StrangeInterlude(1928),etc.Hefelt“thediscordant,broken,faithlessrhythm”ofhistimeandtriedtoprobeintotherootofhumandesiresandfrustrations.Mostofhisplaysareverypessimistic,leavingthecharacterswithoutillusionorhope.TheContemporaryPeriod:DramaTennesseeWilliams(1911-1983)oneofthegreattalentsinAmericandramawritingonenovel,twovolumesofpoetry,andsixvolumesofproseRepresentativeworks:TheGlassMenagerie(1944),AStreetcarNamedDesire(1947),CatonaHotTinRoof(1955),andSuddenlyLastSummer(1958)awardedthePulitzerPrizeportrayingtheisolatedandlonelypeopleinAmericansocietyinhisworksexcellentatcreatingpatheticwomenTheContemporaryPeriod:DramaArthurMiller(1915-2005)deservingthetitleof“socialdramatist”sinceallofhisworksconcerntheconflictsoftheindividualwithinsocietyandpresentacritiqueoftheinhumancapitalistsystemMasterpiece:

DeathofaSalesman(1949),presentingthemiserablelifeandtragicdeathofthesalesman,WillyLomanOtherimportantworks:

AllMySons(1947),TheCrucible(1953),andAViewfromtheBridge(1955)TheContemporaryPeriod:DramaFunFacts&KnowledgeCheckPART07QuizQ1WhatisthemajortopicofwritingsintheColonialPeriod?

A)TheAmericanDream.B)TheLostGeneration.C)AmericanPuritanism.D)TheBeatMovement.C)AmericanPuritanism.Writingsofthisperiodareforthemostpartreligious,practical,orhistorical.ThemajortopicdealswithAmericanPuritanism.ANSWERQ2WhendidtheAmericanRomanticPeriodroughlyspan?

A)Fromthe1780stothe1820s.

B)Fromthe1820stothe1860s.C)Fromthe1860stothe1890s.D)Fromthe1890