英语专业综合英语unit 8 knowledge and wisdom 上课课件

1、Unit 8Knowledge and Wisdom,(abridged) - Bertrand Russell,从前有两座寺院，彼此是竞争对手，两座寺庙的住持他们只是泛泛的师父，一向互相看对方不顺眼，并且告诉各自的弟子决不可去对方的地盘。 两位住持都各有一个男僮服侍他们，为他们跑腿做些杂事。第一间寺院的住持告诉他的男僮：“别去跟另一个孩子说话，那帮人是危险份子。” 不过孩子到底是孩子，有一天他们在路上遇到对方，第一间寺院的男僮问另一个男僮 ：“你要去哪里啊？” 另一个男僮说：“风带我去哪里，我就去到哪里。” 这一定是他从寺院里听到的，“风带我去哪里，我就去到哪里。”是禅宗的名句，讲的是纯粹的

2、道。,听到那样的回答，第一个男僮觉得很窘，他想不到该拿什么话接下去，他感到挫败、生气以及愧疚“师父告诉过我不要和这些人交谈，这算是哪门子的回答？他们的确是危险份子，这下我可被羞辱了一顿。” 他回去告诉住持事情的经过，并且说：“对不起，我跟他说了话，你说的没错，那些人很危险，他说的哪里算回答？我问他，你要去哪里？不过是一句单纯的寒暄，我知道他要去市场，正好我也要去市场，但是他却说风带我去哪里，我就去到哪里。”,住持说：“我警告过你，谁叫你不听话，明天你再去同样的地方，当他来时你问他：你要去哪里？然后他会说：风带我去哪里，我就去到哪里。你要让他知道你也不是省油的灯，接着你再问他：要是你没有脚呢？你

3、要怎么办？因为灵魂是没有身体的，风没有办法将灵魂带到哪里去。”,这个男僮想要做好万全的准备，整个 晚上他都在反覆温习住持告诉他的话！隔 天一大早他去到那里，站在相同的地点等待，另一个男僮准时出现，他高兴得不得了，心想这下他可以秀给他知道什么是真正的哲学，于是他问道：“你要去哪里？”他已经等着要再开口 另一个男僮却说：“我要去市场买蔬菜。”,I. Pre-reading Questions,2. How can you become wise? Do you think what you are doing in college contributes to wisdom?,Pre-readin

4、g Questions,What kind of people are considered wise? Cite some examples. And what are the elements that constitute wisdom?,What is wisdom?,Wisdom is a concept of personal gaining of knowledge, understanding, experience, discretion(辨别力), and intuitive understanding, along with a capacity to apply the

5、se qualities well towards finding solutions to problems. It is the judicious and purposeful application of knowledge that is valued in society.,Background Information,Background Information,1. About the text and the author Bertrand Russell (18721970), British philosopher and mathematician, was one o

6、f the outstanding figures of 20th century British philosophy, and was especially important for his work in mathematical logic.,His major works include Principia Mathematica, 3 vols. (1910-1913), written with A.N. Whitehead, and A History of Western Philosophy (1945).,Russell was twice imprisoned for

7、 activities associated with his advocacy of pacifism(1918), and awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.,Russell was twice imprisoned for activities associated with his advocacy of pacifism(1918), and awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.,伯特兰阿瑟威廉罗素（Bertrand Arthur William Russell，18

8、72年5月18日1970年2月2日）是二十世纪最有影响力的哲学家、数学家和逻辑学家之一，同时也是活跃的政治活动家，并致力于哲学的大众化、普及化。无数人将罗素视为这个时代的先知，而与此同时罗素的许多政治立场却又是十分有争议性的。他出生于1872年，当时大英帝国正值巅峰，逝于1970年，此时英国经历过两次世界大战，其帝国已经没落.,Background Information,1950年，罗素获得诺贝尔文学奖，以表彰其“多样且重要的作品，持续不断的追求人道主义理想和思想自由”。,Background Information,Background Information,2. Proverbs on

9、 Wisdom (1). Wisdom is not like money to be tied up and hidden. 智慧不像金钱，不能捆起来藏着。 (2). Wisdom is more to be envied than riches. 智慧可羡，胜于财富。 (3). Wisdom comes from extensive observation and broad knowledge. 智慧来自于见多识广。,Background Information,(4). Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. 胸有智慧，

10、胜于手握金钱。 (5). Doubt is the key of knowledge. 凡事怀疑皆可开启知识之门。 (6). If you want knowledge, you must toil for it. 若要求知识，须从勤苦得。,Background Information,(7). A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。 (8). Learn wisdom by the follies of others. 从旁人的愚行中学到聪明。 (9). Wisdom is to the mind what health is to th

11、e body. 知识之于精神，一如健康之于身体。,What information can you get from the title “Knowledge and Wisdom”?,Global reading,Global reading,Is this text a narration, argumentation, description or explanation? What is the topic and the supporting details?,“Where to Find the Main Idea We can find the main idea stateme

12、nt on condition that the writer has provided us with one. A topic sentence may be anywhere within a paragraph. But there are common locations. The first sentence in the paragraph. In the middle of a paragraph. At the end of a paragraph.”-李尚宏主编，何春燕编.英语阅读与学习技巧第2册. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005: 64-65,Global readi

13、ng,Please find out the topic sentence in each paragraph.,Global reading,Paragraph 1: I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it. Paragraph 2: Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and t

14、o attach to each its due weight. Paragraph 3: There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. Paragraph 4: It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Paragraph 5: I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible,

15、 from the tyranny of the here and now.,Global reading,Structural Analysis,Factors that constitute wisdom,“Most definitions are abstract, and so they are usually followed by one or more examples that help clarify their meaning. Always relate the example to the definition so that you will find an abst

16、ract definition clear and concrete.”- 李尚宏主编，何春燕编.英语阅读与学习技巧第2册. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005: P201,TEXT 1,1. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define wisdom

17、and consider means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it. Questions What view is commonly accepted in terms of knowledge and wisdom?,The increase in knowledge The increase in wisdom,TEXT 1,There are, I think, several factors that contribute to wis

18、dom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various k

19、inds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicin

20、e.,“Most definitions are abstract, and so they are usually followed by one or more examples that help clarify their meaning. Always relate the example to the definition so that you will find an abstract definition clear and concrete.”- - 李尚宏主编，何春燕编.英语阅读与学习技巧第2册. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2005: P201,TEXT 1,You su

21、cceed (let us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts o

22、f the world. To take an even more spectacular example, which is in everybodys mind at the present time: You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race. Q: How can one pur

23、sue knowledge wisely?,TEXT 1,In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.,Questions : What does “sense of proportion” mean?,TEXT 1,Com

24、prehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. This may be illustrated by the study of history. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of the

25、ir own passions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year 400 AD down to his own tim

26、e,TEXT 1,Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feeli

27、ngs are narrow. Such men lack what I call wisdom. Q1: Why is comprehensiveness an important factor that constitutes wisdom? Q2: According to the writer, how are feelings related to wisdom?,TEXT 1,4. It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in th

28、e choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for the philosophers stone and

29、the elixir of life. No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted.,秦始皇解密史：追求长生不老,TEXT 1,To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of two men, Mr A and Mr B, who hate each other and, through mutual hatr

30、ed, bring each other to destruction. Suppose you go to the Mr A and say, Why do you hate Mr B? He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr Bs vices, partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr B. He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr As vices with an equal admixture of tru

31、th and falsehood. Suppose you now come back to Mr A and say, You will be surprised to learn that Mr B says the same things about you as you say about him, and you go to Mr B and make a similar speech. Activities:Two groups of students are assigned to present this performance.,MrA,MrB,hates,TEXT 1,Th

32、e first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual hatred, since each will be so horrified by the others injustice. But perhaps, if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness, and

33、 that their enmity is harmful to both. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragments of wisdom.,What does this sentence suggest?,Questions (P4),1. What can wisdom help one in his pursuit of a life-long career? Wisdom can help one in his choice of a life-long pursuit. When one has to mak

34、e a major career decision, he has to consider whether it is possible to achieve what he aims at. If it is too high to be achieved, he should learn to give it up and turn to an attainable goal.,Questions (P4),7. What does “convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness”

35、suggest? It suggests that all human are wicked to some extent.,TEXT 1,5. I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from tyranny of the here and now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal.

36、Our emotions start similarly from ourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition. Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical state

37、s, he achieves growing wisdom. Q: What, according to Russell, is the essence of wisdom? And how can one acquire the very essence?,TEXT 1,This is of course a matter of degree. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. But it is

38、 possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom. Q: What does

39、 “This is of course a matter of degree” mean?,Questions (P5),The essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. The basic and important part of wisdom is to free oneself from the confinement of the physical world and emotional world and look beyond.,Voca

40、bulary,correlative: adj. having or showing a relation to something else. Democracy is correlative with centralism. 民主是对集中而言的。 correlate: vt/vi We should correlate the theory with practice. correlation The article explains the correlation between climate and vegetation.,Vocabulary,cease: vt/vi. to co

41、me to an end He never ceased from his activities as a propagandist. cease fire Gradually their talk ceased. 他们终于由于缺乏资金而停工了。 At last they ceased working for lack of capital. n. pause We worked without cease to get the production finished on time.,Vocabulary,surpass: to do or be better than The studen

42、t was surpassing himself in mathematics. Tom surpassed all expectations. sur-: over, above, beyond surcharge, surrealism,Vocabulary,means: a method that enables a purpose to be fulfilled He was prepared to use any means to get what he wanted. The quickest means of travel is by plane. Note: It is a p

43、lural noun, but is usually treated as singular.,Vocabulary,promote: vt.1) to help the process of something; to encourage or support. The teachers encouragement promotes the students love of learning. 2) to attempt to sell or popularize by advertising or publicity Do you have any idea how to promote

44、the sales of this product? 3) to raise to a more important or responsible job or rank. Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster. n. promotionadj. promotive,Vocabulary,contribute to: to help to cause or bring about Poor food contributed to her illness. Her singing will contribute greatly to the su

45、ccess of the party. proportion: the correct relation in size, degree, etc. between one thing and another or between the parts of a whole. This door is narrow in proportion to its height. A large proportion of the students were sick last week. in proportion to,Vocabulary,take account of: to take sth

46、into consideration; to consider a specified thing along with other factors before reaching a decision or taking action. In judging the progress he has made, we must take account of the fact that he has been working in great difficulties for several months. attach to each its due weight : to give pro

47、per importance to each,Vocabulary,due: proper, adequate They will surely meet with due punishment. Due care must be taken while one is driving. 我们有充分的理由给予他们荣誉 We have due reasons to honor them.,Vocabulary,intellectual of the naturemountainous, poisonous,Vocabulary,spectacular: adj.strikingly large a

48、nd obvious This is a spectacular achievement in science. n. something that is spectacular The Great Wall is a spectacular in the world. n. spectacularity atom: the smallest part of an element that can exist chemically.,Vocabulary,disinterested intelligent foresight,Vocabulary,lunatic: 1) C a person

49、who is mad, foolish, or wild. He must be a lunatic to drive his car so fast. 2) adj. insane or wildly foolish. This is a lunatic decision.,eminent: (of a person) famous and respected He is eminent for his learning. Even the most eminent doctors could not cure him. eminence: U A position of great dis

50、tinction or superiority C A person of high station or great achievements.,Vocabulary,inculcate: to fix (ideas and principles, etc. ) in the mind of (somebody) Its important to inculcate these ideas in the minds of the young people. Parents inculcate the young with a sense of duty. n. inculcation ema

51、ncipation: n. the action or state of setting or being free from political, moral, intellectual or social restrictions. He was devoted to the emancipation of all mankind vt. emancipate,Vocabulary,prejudice: 1) an unfair and often unfavorable feeling or opinion not based on reason or enough knowledge.

52、(against) A judge must be free from prejudice. 法官不应存有偏见。 2) injury caused to a person by the preconceived, unfavorable conviction of another or others.(to) I will do nothing to the prejudice of my friend in this matter. 必须明确, 这次让步对本委员会今后的决定不产生任何影响。 It must be understood that this concession is made

53、without prejudice to any future decision of the committee.,Vocabulary,400 AD: from that year, Teutons invaded and conquered the Europe. standard-bearer: n. a leading figure in a cause or movement by no means misrepresent. That newspaper accounts of international affairs are sometimes distorted. n.di

54、stortion medium:an agency by which something is accomplished, conveyed, or transferred. pl. media,Vocabulary,appalling: adj. horrifying, shocking The starving natives is in appalling conditions 这场可怕的战争何时结束? When will this appalling war end? vt. appall: horrify, shock The public were appalled when th

55、ey heard the president had been murdered. vice: n.a moral fault or weakness in somebodys character. 说谎和残暴均是不道德的行为。 Lying and cruelty are vices. adj. vicious: a vicious companion,Vocabulary,admixture: a thing added, especially as a minor ingredient. . admix: vt/vi to mix; blend. egoism: n. the state

56、of mind in which one is always thinking about oneself and what is best for oneself. ANT. altruism:unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness.,Vocabulary,be bound up with: be involved in, dependent on, connected with The survival of these creatures is intimately bound up with the healt

57、h of the ocean. Dominant and submissive behavior is closely bound up with childhood experiences.,Vocabulary,impersonal: 1) showing no emotion or indifferent: Her impersonal manner offended me. 2) having no personal reference or connection: an impersonal remark.客观的评价 unaffected intrinsic . which it w

58、ould be noble to pursue if it were attainable is the relative clause modifying an end. The first it in the relative clause is an anticipatory word functioning as the formal subject while the second a pronoun referring to an end.,Vocabulary,as it was: in reality; in the actual situation Compare as it

59、 was with as it were. As it was is the past tense form of as it is, which refers to what an actual situation is. Similar expressions include: as it stands, as it turns out, as it happens. e.g. I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse. Ive got enough on my plate as it is. as it were: as one might say; in a sort of way Were here is a subjunctive form. e.g. He was my second self, as it were. He became, as it were, a man without a country.,Vocabulary,continual implant Morality may be instilled i