大学英语修辞学第三章.ppt

1、,I. Answer the questions: 1. Talk about the most outstanding rhetoricians in Ancient GreeceWhat contribution did they make to the founding of Western rhetoric? 2. What do you know about Aristotles rhetorical books?,2.1.4 Roman rhetoriciansand their theory,Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B. C.) 西塞罗 Rom

2、an statesman, orator, and writer Ciceros influence had special significance during the Renaissance, with its emphasis on the humanistic training of clergy and statesmen. at least seven rhetorical treatises, suggested three levels of style: High style: to move the audience; Middle style: to delight/p

3、ersuade the audience; Low style: to teach the audience,Best known for his Institutio Oratoria (Education of an Orator)演说家的教育 in 12 books, a comprehensive treatment of the art of rhetoric and the training of an orator Quintilians style is among the most beautiful in his period.,Quintilian (c.35c.95 A

4、D)昆体良 著名律师、教育家和皇室委任的第一个修辞学教授 ，也是公元1世纪罗马最有成就的教育家。 born in Spain， a prominent teacher of rhetoric in Rome.,Cicero and Quintilians Joint contribution: Theory of Five Arts（五艺说） Invention discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments: who, what, when, where, how and why. Arrangement how to organize the

5、 proofs effectively. Style effective sentences, clarity, force and beauty and using figures of speech. Memory art of committing the speech to memory by mnemonic devices. Delivery art of speaking: speakers pose, tone, gesture, facial expression, etc.,2.2 Rhetoric in the Middle Ages,Characterized by s

6、trong belief in Christianity. To move a congregation to accept Christianity, the clergy ornamented sermons and letters with “figures”. Two prominent developments: 1. Rhetoric became both a practical art and an academic subject. 2. Style began to assume greater importance, together with delivery domi

7、nating the other three arts.,St. Augustine (354-430) His writings such as Confessions and the City of God dominated subseuent Western theology. During the years 373 and 374, Augustine taught grammar at Thagaste. The following year he moved to Carthage to conduct a school of rhetoric. In 383 he moved

8、 to establish a school in Rome, where he believed the best and brightest rhetoricians practiced.,His influence (for more about him read page 31),2.3 Rhetoric in the Renaissance,French word, “rebirth” an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions. Renais

9、sance rhetoricians were preoccupied with words, particularly with the distinction between words and the “things” they stood for, between form and matter.,Disputes over the domain of rhetoric: what should be included in rhetoric? Traditionalists 传统派 Figurists 辞格派 Ramists拉米斯派,The traditionalists: Adhe

10、re to five arts Thomas Wilsons Arte of Rhetorique (1553, first rhetoric written in English ) presents the whole classical tradition in its five parts. The figurists: subordinated logic to rhetoric, emphasizing the importance of style. George Puttenhams The Arte of English Poesie (1589) treats 107 fi

11、gures. Henry Peachams The Garden of Eloquence (1577), catalogues 184 figures. The Ramists: assigned invention, arrangement, and memory to logic, grouped style and delivery under rhetoric.,2.4 New Classical rhetoric,Blending the old and new, rhetoricians in the 17th-19th centuries tended to emphasize

12、 different elements of the tradition.,Three points of view shape rhetorical theory: the scientific, elocutionary, and literary perspectives. 1) The scientific perspective（科学派）. stresses the importance of invention and advocates a plain style. represents an attempt at the emerging natural and social

13、sciences.,Francis Bacons (1561-1626) writings suggest new directions for rhetoric in the service of scientific studies.,2) The elocutionary perspective（演讲派）. emphasizes delivery. Thomas Sheridan(1719-1788): Lectures on Elocution (1762) John Walker: Elements of Elocution (1781) offered speakers advic

14、e about pronunciation, gestures, voice control, and accent.,3) The literary perspective（文学派）. includes a broad range of views concerning style. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) and Jonathan Ward (d. 1758) maintained that a good writer should study classical authors and imitate their style.,2.5 Contemporar

15、y rhetoric,Resurgence of interest in rhetoric: I. A. Richards（理查兹1893-1979）, Kenneth Burke（伯克1897-1993）, Chaim Perelman（皮尔曼1912-1984）, Richard Weaver（威弗1910-1963）, Stephen Toulmin（图尔曼1922-2009） They view rhetoric from different perspectives, but all principally concerned with the use of language in

16、a complex society.,Contemporary rhetoricians tend to: value rhetoric as a means of knowing; language is crucial to thinking, to advance human knowledge; explore the impact of language on political and social relationships; view rhetoric as an instrument of social change.,The “new” rhetoric reaches b

17、ack to the classical tradition. It incorporates recent perspectives from linguistics, anthropology人类学, psychology, philosophy, semantics, politics, and even advertising to synthesize the arts of rhetoric today.,I.A. Richards co-authored The Meaning of Meaning (1918) with C. K. Ogden, The Foundation

18、of Aesthetics (1922) with James Wood. Later, Richards and Ogden worked on Basic English, a collection of 850 words that covered the needs of everyday life. In Richards view, we think metaphorically. (Ogden-Richards triangle: concepts概念/referent所指/signifier能指),所指或所指事物,concept,概念,能指,signifier, 语义修辞格,逻

19、辑修辞格,Kenneth Burke (1897-1993 ) has had the greatest impact on rhetoric in the 20th century. “To his thorough knowledge of classical tradition, he has added rich insights gained from serious study of anthropology, sociology, history, psychology, philosophy, and the whole body of humane letters.”,Bur

20、kes major contribution to rhetorical theory is his attempt to broaden its scope. His rhetoric of motives helps us understand human relations in terms of “signs,” not only verbal language but also nonverbal communication which achieves identification. Act行为, scene场景, agent执行者, agency方式, and purpose目的 - the “pentad”(戏剧五位一体) for examining human motivation dramatically,Identification is the key conception in Burkes theory of rhetoric. A Grammar of Motives 动机语法194