南昌大学语言学课件(英语)

1、Introduction to Linguistics 语言学导论English Undergraduate Program, Department of English, School of Foreign StudiesNanchang University (NCU) Instructor: JIANG Ping 蒋平Tel.: (O)/ Syllabus 教学计划Course Description:This course aims at providing undergraduate junior students of English major with a clearly sy

2、stematic account of the basic knowledge of the study of linguistics with illustrations and interesting examples from English and Chinese to help develop students interest in this study and to facilitate a better understanding of the linguistic terms and theories by the students.Major Books Used for

3、this Course:1) Linguistics. A Course Book (Second Edition). 2001 by Hu Zhuanglin 北京大学出版社 used as students textbook2) Essentials of Linguistics. used as the teachers reference book3) An Introduction to Language. 1988 by V. Fromkin & R. Rodman. The Dryden Press, used as the teachers reference bookCour

4、se Requirements:1) Active participation in class and all related activities2) Complete class and after-class assignments3) Pass the final examinationCourse Schedule:1) General Introduction2) Design features and functions of language3) Main branches and important distinctions of linguistics4) Speech

5、sounds5) Phonological analysis6) Lexicon 7) Word formation and lexical change 8) Syntax 9) Meaning 10) Language process, comprehension and production11) Language, culture and society12) The study of language in usepragmatics13) The relation between language and literature14) Language, computer, and

6、corpus linguistics15) Linguistics and foreign language teaching16) SummaryLecture 1General Introduction: Modern Linguistics and Linguistic Studies BeforeIn this lecture, we shall make a general introduction to the development of modern linguistics and the linguistic studies before. The students will

7、 get a general picture of the development and the main linguistic schools and their studies through this lecture.0. Class activity: What is language? What does your mind do most of the time?1. The starting point of modern linguistics:1) The first modern linguistic approacha. The “father of modern li

8、nguistics”- Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔 (1857-1913)b. The first modern linguistic book “A Course on General Linguistics”, 普通语言学教程2 students got it published in 19162) Why is it “modern”? Because of the views and the research methods. Eg. Language is a system of signs. Sound system, meaning system.2. Wh

9、at happened before Saussure?Traditional approaches to linguisticsThree successive phases before Saussure1) The Greek researchers and their studies-“Traditional Grammar” institutedBased on logicAiming solely at providing rulesDistinguishing correct from incorrect formsClassic study, philosophical, lo

10、gical, meaning2) The researches during the Middle Ages-PhilosophyAlexandria and his “philosophical” schoolLinguistic structure is not the central concern, but meaning isSeeking primarily to establish, interpret and comment upon textsApplying the method of criticismComparison of texts of different pe

11、riods and of different writers Major datawritten languagePaved the way for historical linguisticsMajor concernexclusively Greek & Roman antiquity（古籍）Prescriptive grammar3) The researches by linguists during 1800-1900-“Comparative grammar”(1) The establishment of linguistic family treesThe Indo-Europ

12、ean Family Tree印欧语系The Sino-Tibetan Family Tree 汉藏语系 (2) International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标the publication in 18881816, “The Sanskrit Conjugation(动词变位)System” by Franz Bopp, which studied the connections between Sanskrit（梵文）, Germanic, Greek, Latin, etc. The primitive elements that Sanskrit

13、maintained are vital for the purposes of reconstruction of Indo-European language family.Later representativesMax Mller, G. Curtius, A. SchleicherHistorical and comparative, etymological (语源学的)Comparativist school was the dominating study of the time 3. What does modern linguistics cover?1) Saussure

14、 and his study: the earliest structuralist2) Prague School布拉格学派The leading figureV. Mathesius马泰休斯(1882-1946);Flourished during 1920s-30s;Mainstream structuralism; synchronic;Approach language structurally and functionallyform-functional approach;Followed both Polish B. de Courtenay (库尔特内) and Swiss

15、F. de Saussure;First functionalist;1976, Founded the International Functional Linguistic Association (headed by Mrlinet);Distinguished contributions:a) Established the theory of phonology; distinction between phonetics and phonology; developed phonology as an independent study in 1939; b) Mathesius

16、functional analysis of sentence componentsvery close to the present division of given/new or theme/rheme, functional syntactic analysis.3) American Structuralism/Also called descriptive linguistics 美国结构主义/描写语言学Developed independently from the anthropological studies by Boas, Sapir, etc.；The represen

17、tative figureLeonard Bloomfield (1887-1946), his Language 语言论(1933)；Flourished during 1930s-1950s；Structural and behavioral；Major focussyntactic analysis；ContributionIC analysis (immediate constituent analysis)直接成分分析法。4) The Chomskian approachThe leading figureNoam Chomsky (1928-);Influential during

18、 1960s-1980s;Formal approach, deep structure/surface structure; NP VP;Psychological; we were born with LAD (language acquisition device); innateness;Major focussyntax;Contributions a. Phrase Structure Theory; b. Transformational-Generative Grammar.5) London School 伦敦学派Leading figures: Malinowsky马林诺夫

19、斯基 (1884-1942) anthropologist; Firth 弗斯(1890-1960) the 1st professor of General Linguistics in Great Britain; M. A. K. Halliday韩礼德 (1925- ) Systemic-Functional Grammar;Influential from the 1980s;Functional approach and anthropological;Major focusmeaning in society and functional grammar;Contribution

20、 functional analysis6) Cognitive Linguistics: a new perspective on how language is used; how we view the world and express it in language; how language tells different cognition of the same world in which human beings live.Leading figuresR. Langacker;兰盖克 G. Lakoff拉可夫M. A. K. Halliday (partly); N. Ch

21、omsky (partly)7) Computational Linguistics: how to teach computer to receive, comprehend, produce and translate natural language. It reflects human ambition.3. Homework: (Questions) What is language? What is linguistics?Lecture 2Design Features and Functions of LanguageIn this section, we shall disc

22、uss some typical features and functions of language. There are four features and seven main functions.0. Examine students homework orally in class; refer them to pages 3 & 16 to check their answers; offer them simplified and easy-to-understand definitions (cf. Essentials of Linguistics pp.1 & 14); u

23、nderline the key words in the definitions; explain them with good examples from English and Chinese.1. 4 Design features of language1) Arbitrariness 任意性 referring to the relation between meaning and form.Eg 1. fish (in English) le poisson (in French) 鱼 (in Chinese) They all mean the same and all ref

24、er to the same kind of animal living in water, yet they take different word forms. Eg 2. eat (in English) manger (in French)吃 (in Chinese)2) Duality 双重性Word is a combination of sound and meaning. Language has a level of sounds/ a sound system and a level of meaning/ meaning system.3) Creativity 创造性

25、(productivity in other linguistic books). a. We can create new words; b. We can create endless new sentences with limited number of words.4) Displacement 不受时空限制性a. One can refer to someone/sth. in the past, at the present or in the future; b. One can refer to someone/sth in another place or in anoth

26、er world whether real or imagined.2. 7 Functions of language1) Informative function: 信息功能Language is used to note down and to pass information.2) Interpersonal function: 人际功能Language is used for human communication/for communication among people.3) Performative function: 行事功能We can use language/word

27、s to do things.a. We can use it to make others do something; b. We do something ourselves at the time when we are saying something.4) Emotive function: 感情功能(Expressive function in other books) Language can be used to express feelings or emotions. Egs. “My God.” “Alas!”“Ouch!”“Damn it!” “Wow.”5) Phat

28、ic feitik function: 酬应功能Language can be used to maintain relationship. This function originated from Malinowskis study of the functions of language.Egs. “Good morning.” “God bless you.” “Im sorry to hear it.” “Good day.” “Hello!” “Good-bye.”6) Recreational function: 娱乐功能Language can be used for joy,

29、 fun, amusement, or recreation. Egs. Jokes, Chinese cross talk, lyrics, poetry in general7) Metalingual function: 元语言功能 Language can be used to talk about itself. Eg. “book” is a word that we use to refer to something that we read What teachers do in class is mainly the use of language of this funct

30、ion-to use language to explain language.3. Homework: 1) Preview Sections 1.7 and 1.9 of Chapter 1. 2) State the differences and similarities between phonetics and phonology and hand in next time.Lecture 3Main Branches and Important Distinctions of LinguisticsIn this section, we shall discuss the mai

31、n branches and important distinctions of linguistics. The students will get to know about the six main branches and five distinctions of linguistics.0. Brief review of the last class:The four design features of languageThe seven functions of language1. 6 Main branches of linguistics1) Phonetics: 语音学

32、The study of speech sounds. Any speech sound whether it distinguishes meaning or not will be described.Eg. three “p”s are noted in “speak”(un-aspirated, as p=), “peak”(aspirated, as indicated by the diacritic h in ph), “deep”.2) Phonology: 音位/系学phoneme音位The study of the sound system of language -of

33、the minimal meaningful sounds. -of the minimal sounds that distinguish meaning.Eg. the three “p”s in 1) above dont distinguish meaning. They are of one meaningful phoneme. Yet, in “tip” and “sip”, or “tip” “dip” the change of “t” to “s” or “t” to “d” brings about another word, therefore, “t” and “s”

34、 are two independent phonemes.3) Morphology: 形态学The study of the internal structure of words-of the formation of words. Prefix, suffix, root.Eg. friend | lyglob | al | iz | ationdialogue, monologue, onomatopoeic relationshipinternationalism localization4) Syntax: 句法学The study of the structure of sen

35、tenceEg. I speak French. traditional approach Chomskys analysis S Pr O S NP VP V NP5) Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning.a. meaning of words and their relations;b. meaning of sentences/ sentence meaning.Eg. flower (super-ordinate word)上义词 rose lily tulip daffodil (hyperbole)下义词6) Pragmatics: 语用学The

36、study of meaning in context语境- of meaning in use. How can people understand the following utterances correctly? How do they get the inference/implied meaning instead of the superficial meaning expressed simply by the words?Eg. 1. A: How do you think of my new dress? B: The one you had last week was

37、really beautiful. 2. A: Shall we go to the cinema? B: I have to complete the homework.3. Butterflies in ones stomach. 4. Apple in ones eye.5. John is a lion. Queen Victoria was made of iron.2. 5 Important distinctions in linguistics1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive: 描写性/规定性The former describes how thi

38、ngs are; the latter prescribes how things ought to be. The 18th century grammar books are mainly prescriptive and the modern ones are mainly descriptive.2) Synchronic vs. diachronic: 共时性/历时性The former describes phenomenon of language of a certain period; the latter describes language by analyzing it

39、s development through different period of time. Eg. the study of the development of Chinese “ba-construction” （把字句）; the development of the sound “阿”from “e” to “a”; the meaning change of “小姐”,“老板”.3) Langue & parole: 语言/言语The former refers to the abstract innate system; the latterthe outcome (words

40、 and sentences) or what we actually utter/ write.4) Competence & performance: 语言能力/语言使用（或语言行为）The former refers to ones knowledge or ability of a languageabstract system; the latter the use of it.5) Etic vs. emic: 音素的或非音位的/位学的The former does not involve meaning in the study while the latter involves

41、 meaning in the study. Or meaning is the concern of the latter. 3. Homework: Exs 12 & 14 (on page 29 of the textbook)Lecture 4Phonetics In this section, we shall start a new chapterdiscussing speech sounds. The students will learn the main areas of the study, the speech organs, the manner and place

42、of sound production and the description of consonants and vowels in English.0. Examine students homework exercises orally in class:Ex. 12: Pragmatics will develop rapidly in China because of the pragmatic characteristics of this language.Ex. 14: The first quote reveals the emphasis on the intricate

43、grammatical structure in human mind while the second quote reveals the emphasis on the function of languagemeaning in society.1. Phonetic studieshow many?1) Three main areas of phonetic study:l Articulatory Phonetics 发声语音学 sound productionl Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学 physical properties of soundsl Aud

44、itory Phonetics 听觉语音学 how sounds are received and understood2) Speech organs/ vocal organs 发音器官l Lung, trachea (wind pipe), throat, nose, mouthl Tongue, palate, pharynx咽, larynx喉l vocal folds (vocal cords), vocal tract 声道l oral cavity, nasal cavity 口腔，鼻腔，（共鸣器）3) Phonetic transcription 语音标示/音标The dev

45、elopment of the IPA: first by a group of French teachers. Otto Jesperson 叶斯柏生 (1860-1943) proposed it in 1886. The first publication was made in 1888. 4) *The description of consonants: (1) Manner of articulation; (2) place of articulation.(1) Manner of articulation:l stop/ plosive 爆破音，塞音l fricative

46、 摩擦音l approximant 延续音, 畅音l lateral 边音l trill颤音l tap 接触音/触音l flap 闪音, affricate 塞擦音(2) Place of articulation:l Bilabial 双唇 b p mwl Labio-dental 唇齿 f vl Dental 齿 l Alveolar 齿龈 tdns zlrl Postal velar 后齿龈 t dl Retroflex 卷舌 rl Palatal 颚 jl Velar 软颚 k g l Uvular 小舌 r l Pharyngeal 咽头 Glottal 喉头 ?h2. Englis

47、h consonants (24 symbols according to the 1999 collection)The description is made with a sequence of1) the place; 2) the manner of articulation. The modified table cf. the table on p. 44 of the textbook:Manner of Articulation Place of ArticulationBilabialLabio-dentalDentalAlveolarPost-alveolarpalata

48、lVelarGlottalStopNasalFricativeApproximantLateralAffricatep b m wf v t d ns z r l td jk g (?) hEgs. 1. bilabial stopwhere bilabial is the place and stop is the manner. Whenever there are two members in the same box in the table, a third distinction voice- is introduced and is mentioned in the first

49、place:p voiceless bilabial stopb voiced bilabial stop 2. bilabial nasal m3. bilabial approximant w 4. voiceless/voiced labial-dental fricative f v3. English vowels (16 symbols according to the 1999 collection)1) the part of the tongue that is raised2) the extent to which the tongue rises in the dire

50、ction of the palatehigh, mid, mid-high, mid-low, or low3) The opening made at the lipsrounding or spreading4) The position of the soft palateraised for oral vowels and lowered for vowels nasalized. front central backhigh i: u: u mid-high I mid-low (e) ( ) ( :) low a () (:)D ( )4. The English vowel s

51、ystem and the description (16 according to the 1999 research)The description is made in terms of 4 aspects:1) the height of the tongue (high, mid, low)tongue height2) the position of the higher part of the tongue (front, central, back)tongue position3) the length or tenseness of the vowel (tense vs.

52、 lax, or long vs. short)4) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded) Egs: i: high front tense unrounded vowelI high front lax unrounded vowel5. Preview: Reading pp.54-59Lecture 5Remaining phonetic studies and Phonological AnalysisIn this section, we shall discuss the sound system of language. The student

53、s will get to know how sounds distinguish meaning and how some features affect meaning of sounds and words.1. Some remaining phonetic studies1) Co-articulation 协同发音Simultaneous/ overlapping articulation because of the influence of the neighbor sound(s)Egs. “map” where is influenced by m, making it a

54、 bit nasalized.“lamb” where becomes more like the following sound m.2) Narrow / broad transcription: 严式标音/ 宽式标音The former intends to symbolize all the possible speech sounds while the latter indicates only those capable of distinguishing one word from another.2. Phonological analysissome basic concepts1) Phone, phoneme, and allophonel Phone 音素a phonetic unit or segment. Any speech sound we hear and produ