欧洲文化入门(一)

1、Welcome,European Culture: An Introduction 欧洲文化入门,The Purpose of Learning European Culture,Language cannot be learned without some knowledge of the culture behind it. European culture itself is a part of world culture. Some knowledge of it is necessary to us as citizens of the world.,To show ones opi

2、nion:,Oneself,The leader,Old age life,Purpose for My Culture Class,Learning culture is not to recite numerous informations from textbook. But to improve self-cultivation, to promote ones thinking ability, then to probe our cultures merits and defects from different culture, to think about what we sh

3、ould learn from others and what others should learn from ours. So that we could cultivate a habit of thinking and knowinghow to make life meaningful.,For My Personal View,文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。 而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。,The Origin of Cul

4、ture,Mesopotamia两河流域文明 Egyptian古埃及文明 Hebrew希伯来文明 Greek and Roman希腊与罗马文化 （文化=文明）,Division One,Greek Culture and Roman Culture,The Origin,Crete (3000 B.C.) 克里特岛 Trojan War (1200 B.C.) 特洛伊战争 Greek Dark Ages (1200 B.C.800 B.C.) Archaic Greece (800 B.C.500 B.C.)古风时期 Classical Period (500 B.C.336 B.C.) 古典

5、时期 Hellenistic Age (336 B.C.31 B.C.) 希腊化时代,Greece and Troy,1. Historical context (background),War between Greece and Troy in about 1,200 B. C. Greek culture in the 5th century B. C. Civil war between Athens and Sparta. Rule of Alexander in the 4th century B. C. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Gree

6、ce.,2. Social and Political Structure,Democracy the adult male citizens Economy slave labor (exploitation) Sports Olympic Games,3. Homer,Homer 荷马 (around 700 B.C.) , epic 史诗 Iliad 伊利亚特 Odyssey 奥德赛 Today we see Iliad and the Odyssey incorporated into the course of almost every high school in America.

7、,Epic,Definition： An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. 简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。,Trojan War 特洛伊战争,In Greek mythology and in Iliad and Odyssey by Homer About 1,200 B. C. War between Greece and Troy Fought over

8、 the beautiful Helen Lasted for 10 years Trojan horse Troy defeated,Greece and Troy,Achilles 阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯,Matching,Gold apple Trojan horse Achilles heel,Deathful weakness Bane Intruding destructive element,Matching (key),Gold apple Bane Trojan horse Intruding destructive element Achilles heel Deathful

9、weakness “不和的金苹果” 祸根 “特洛伊木马” 侵入内部的破坏性因素 “阿喀琉斯的脚踵” 致命的弱点,Poetry=Poem=Verse （诗歌）,Ballad（民谣） Lyric（抒情诗） Epic（史诗） Ode（颂诗） Elegy（挽歌） Pastoral（田园诗） Sonnet（十四行诗） Narrative Poem（叙事诗） Blank Verse（无韵体诗） Free Verse（自由体诗）,4. Lyric （抒情诗）,Definition: A lyric is a poem that expresses strong feeling.,4. Lyric Write

10、rs,Sappho (about 612-580 B. C.) 萨福 -love poem Pindar(about 518-438 B. C.) 品达 -odes：a poem to praise and glorify an individual or a thing.,5. Drama,Open-air theatres, stone benches, looking down at the stage from three sides, actors with masks. mask =masque假面剧,Three Greatest Tragedy Writer:,a. Aeschy

11、lus （埃斯库罗斯） b. Sophocles（索福克勒斯） c. Euripides （欧里庇得斯）,a. Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) 埃斯库罗斯,The “Father of Tragedy” , one of the three great ancient Greek tragedians古希腊悲剧之父 Prometheus Bound被缚的普罗米修斯,Prometheus Bound,Based on the myth of Prometheus, a titan泰坦神族人 who gave the gift of fire to mortals and was

12、 punished by the god Zeus.,Matching,Prometheus Martyr to the cause of human Pandoras box Root of all disaster,b. Sophocles(496-406 B.C.)索福克勒斯,Second of the three great tragedians of classical Athens Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王 Strong impact on European literature “the Oedipus complex”俄狄浦斯情结,Matching,Oedip

13、us complex 俄狄浦斯情结 complex feeling toward parents or between accident and necessity Sphinxs riddle 斯芬克斯之谜 something of person that hard to understand,c. Euripides (484-406 B.C.) 欧里庇得斯,Third of the three great tragedians of classical Athens, the first writer of “problem plays”社会问题剧 concerned with conf

14、licts-origin of realism Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women,d. Comedy,Aristophanes (阿里斯托芬 450-380 B. C.) ancient Greek Comic dramatist, the Father of Comedy 11 plays: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps, Birds,6. HistoryHerodotus 希罗多德,The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars. Herodotus(484-430 B.C.), Anci

15、ent Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”,7. Philosophy and science,Introduction The ancient Greeks curiosity about things, free enquiry, imagination,Introduction,The Pre-Socrates Greek Philosophers Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯 Heracleitue 赫拉克利特 Democritus 德莫克里特,Pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯,Founder of scienti

16、fic mathematics the father of numbers To Pythagoras, All things were numbers.,Heracleitue 赫拉克利特,Ancient Greek philosopher Fire is the primary element of the universe. 火是万物之源 “You cannot step twice into the same riverThe sun is new everyday.” “人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。”,Democritus 德莫克里特,The earliest materiamlis

17、t. Get the English word atom,The Greatest Philosophers,Socrates 苏格拉底 Plato 柏拉图 Aristotle 亚里士多德,a. Socrates 苏格拉底,Socrates (470-399 B. C.) Dialectical Method 辩证法,Story Time,What is love? What is marriage? What is affair? （艳遇） What is happiness? What is life?,b. Plato (428-348 B.C.) 柏拉图,Dialogues 对话录 I

18、dealism（唯心主义） Influenceabsorbed into Christian thought,Platonic Love,柏拉图式爱情，追求心灵沟通，排斥肉体欲望，是一种理性的精神上的纯洁恋爱。,c. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) 亚里士多德,Ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great The great humanist and the great man of science WorksEthics, Politics, Poetics,

19、 and Rhetoric 诗学 Aristotle and Plato p28,Differences between Plato and Aristotle,1. Aristotle theory should follow fact Plato subjective thinking is important 2. Aristotle idea + matter = reality Plato idea is higher than physical world,d. Contending Schools of Thought,Sophists 智者派-Protagoras 普罗泰戈拉

20、Four schools the Cynics 犬儒派 the Sceptics 怀疑派 the Epicureans 伊壁鸠鲁派（享乐派） and the Stoics 斯多葛派,e. Science,Euclid 欧几里德Elements, geometry Archimedes 阿基米德,Euclid 欧几里德,The Father of Geometry Elements, a textbook of geometry,Archimedes 阿基米德,Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist and engineer “Give me a place

21、 to stand, and I will move the world.”,8. Art；architecture； sculpture and pottery,多立克柱式（Doric order） Parthenon 帕德农神庙,Acropolis of Athens雅典卫城,爱奥尼克柱式（Ionic order）-伊瑞克提翁神庙（Erechtheion）,科林斯柱式(Corinthain order)-列雪格拉德音乐纪念亭,掷铁饼者,米洛的维纳斯,拉奥孔人物组图,陶器,9. Impact,Spirit of Innovation Supreme achievement Lasing ef

22、fect,II. Roman Culture,Romans and Greeks Roman history Latin literature Architecture, painting and sculpture,1. Romans and Greeks,146 BC, Roman conquest of Greece Languages of the Roman Empire: Latin (western) and Greek (eastern) Similarities between Romans and Greeksdemocracy, religion, languages D

23、ifferencesp37 “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive.” -Horace被俘虏的希腊使野蛮的征服者成了她的俘虏！,2. Roman history,The year 27 BC, Rome-republic, the Roman Empire Pax Romana: Latin for “the Roman peace” between 27 BC and 180 AD. Roman law: 3rd century BC罗马法学 Decline in the 3rd century The emperor Constant

24、ine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium拜占庭 (Constantinople君士坦丁堡 -Istanbul伊斯坦布尔) Divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and the West in 395 In 476, end of the West Roman Empire by the Goths In 1453, end of the East Roman Empire by the Turks,3. Latin literature,Prose Marcus Tullius Cicero 西塞罗 J

25、ulius Caesar 凯撒 Poetry Lucretius 卢克莱修 Virgil 维吉尔,Prose and Poetry,Prose is writing distinguished from poetry by its greater variety of rhythm and its closer resemblance to the patterns of everyday speech.,Poetry is a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic（审美的） and evocative（共鸣的） qua

26、lities in addition to its ostensible（表面的） meaning.,Prose and Poetry,Prose is writing a story, either fiction or nonfiction. Prose writing most often follows standard rules in grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and sentence structure.,Poetry refers to poems, with or without rhyme schemes. Poetry has rhythm, like a song. It usually follows a set pattern, rhyme scheme and meter.,ProseM. T. Cicero,西塞罗(106-43BC), Roman orator, lawyer, politician, and philosopher罗马最伟大的演说家、教育家和天才作家 Ciceronian, eloquent, oratorical manner of writing西塞罗式 No man can be brave who considers pain th