翻译理论—笔译.ppt

1、Lecture 6,A Brief Introduction to Translation Theories (Principles) Abroad and at Home,翻译实践,原文： “赋”与“贼” 过去有个人，识字不多，坐船外出做生意。一天船停在“江心寺”，他就和同伴一起下船到寺中闲逛。 寺院墙壁上写着“江心赋”三个字。他一见，慌忙扭头就跑，喊道：“这里有江心贼，不可久留！”他的同伴说：“不要慌，这是赋,不是贼。”他摇头回答：“我看有些像贼的样子。”,翻译讲评,可采用音译(Fu and Zei)+注释或意译(Ode and Thief)+注释。注释如下： The Chinese ch

2、aracters”赋” (fu, ode) and “贼” (zei, thief) are quite similar to each other in form. So, the poorly educated man in the story mistook the former for the latter.,标题 “ 赋”与 “贼”的翻译,原文：过去有个人，识字不多，坐船外出做生意。,参考译文： In olden days a man who could not read many Chinese characters took a boat to go out on busines

3、s.,识字不多,can not read many characters /words know only a few words Be quite illiterate,过去,in olden days/ times,译文 二： River-center Temple,“江心寺 ”,(船)停,(the boat) stop /be anchored at /be laid at,译文一： Jiangxin Temple,原文:他就和同伴一起下船到寺中闲逛。,参考译文： He and his companion got off and went to look around （wander/

4、stroll / saunter）in the temple.,译文二： River Center Ode,“江心赋 ”,译文一： Jiangxin Ode,原文：寺院墙壁上写着“江心赋”三个字。,参考译文： On the temple wall were written three characters “ River Center Ode”.,原文：他一见，慌忙扭头就跑，,参考译文： As soon as he saw these（characters/ words）, he turned around hurriedly and began to run,慌忙扭头,turned (rou

5、nd) around hurriedly (hastily/ in a haste/ in a rush),原文：喊道：“这里有江心贼，不可久留！”,参考译文： shouting, “There are river-center thieves here. We should not tarry (linger)!”,原文：他的同伴说：“不要慌，这是赋,不是贼。” 。”,参考译文： His companion said, “Dont be frightened. This character is ode, not thief.”,不要慌,Dont panic/ dont be frighte

6、ned (afraid/ nervous) /keep calm,译文一： He shook his head and replied,“他摇头回答 ”,我看有些像贼的样子。,参考译文： I think it looks like thief. It is like thief to me.,译文二： Shaking his head, he replied,参考译文： Ode and Thief In olden days a man who could not read many Chinese characters took a boat to go out on business. O

7、ne day the boat stopped at the River Center Temple. He and his companion got off and went to look around in the temple.,On the temple wall were written three characters“ River Center Ode”. As soon as he saw these, he turned round hurriedly and began to run, shouting, “There are river-center thieves

8、here. We should not tarry!” “Dont be frightened”, his companion said, “This character is ode, not thief.”1,Shaking his head, the man said, “It looks like thief to me.” Note: 1The Chinese characters”赋” and “贼”are quite similar to each other in form. So the poorly educated man in the story mistakes th

9、e former as the latter.,Assignments,Please do the E-C exercise of 1996 EMT 8 in your translation practice material.,Please do the E-C exercise of 1997 EMT 8 in your translation practice material.,Translation for TEM8,Section A C-E Translation Section B E-C Translation,1 大纲翻译测试要求,汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技

10、巧， 翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时约250-300 汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺。,英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧， 翻译英、美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、 文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度 为每小时约250-300词。译文要求忠实原意，语 言流畅。,题型,Section A: A项由一段300词左右的汉语短文所组成，其中有一段150词左右的段落被底线划出。 要求根据上下文将此段译成英语。(10分）（半小时）,Section B: B项由一段300词左右的英语短文所组成，其中有一段150词左右的段落被底线划出。要求根据

11、上下文将此段译成汉语。(10分）（半小时）,评分标准,10-9（Excellent Translation） The translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor errors in vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns).,8-7（Good Transla

12、tion） The translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).,6-5（Passable Translation） The translation adequately reflects most of the original

13、 passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable.,4-3（Inadequate Translation） The translation only reflects about half of the original passage with frequent errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The trans

14、lation is, in some parts, unreadable.,2-1（Poor Translation） The translation reflects less than half of the original passage. Almost all sentences contain errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, unreadable.,影响翻译得分的因素,A. 英、汉语基础不扎实造成理解错误。 B.缺乏相应的背景知

15、识。 C.翻译表达速度过慢。（翻译速度慢） D.句法、措辞、拼写、标点等细节的错误。,翻译实践,原文： 在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒显得有些勉强。,翻译讲评,原文：在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。,酒会,冷餐会,cocktail party; wine party,buffet

16、 party / reception/ dinner,参考译文：In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends.,是？,这是大势所趋，人心所向。,This represents the general trend of development and the common aspiration of the people.,原文：在这种场合陌生人相识.,参考译文： On such occasions, stranger

17、s may get to know each other.,原文：如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方,毕恭毕敬地,名片,very respectfully/politely,name card/ calling card/ visiting card/ business card,呈递,present/ offer /hand over,对方,The other side; the opposite side; the other party; the interlocutor(对话者、对谈者、谈话者),参考译文： If they are (happen t

18、o be) Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts.,“往往开口之前”,before they talk before any conversation starts,原文：这好像是不可缺少的礼节,This seems to be the required courtesy.,不可缺少的,necessary; indispensable; essential

19、; required,礼节,courtesy; etiquette; ritual；formality;,这个“礼节”是谁的？,This seems to be their required courtesy. This seems to be the required courtesy on their part.,原文：然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片,参考译文： The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality.,主动,voluntarily / volunteer to do sth / do s

20、th willingly /being willing to do sth / take the initiative in doing sth/ do sth on ones own initiative/ do sth of ones own accord/ offer to do sth / be ready with sth,However, the French usually dont volunteer to present （exchange） their calling cards.,原文：双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，,参考译文： Both sides

21、 will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves.,寒暄几句,海阔天空地聊一番,走开,greet each other; exchange routine/ conventional greetings,chat freely/ randomly/ casually/ aimlessly about any topic,simply walk away; excuse oneself,参考译文： Only when they find they like each

22、other and hope to further the relationship, will they exchange cards.,原文：只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。,谈话投机,talk agreeably; become deeply engrossed/ engaged/ involved in the conversation; like each other,原文：二话不说先递名片反倒显得有些勉强。,译文一： It will seem somehow bizarre if a person offers his name card without sa

23、ying anything to the stranger in the first place.,勉强,unnatural; awkward; bizarre(奇怪),译此句应采用什么句型？,译文二： It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way/,参考译文： In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making frien

24、ds. On such occasions, strangers may get to know each other. If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts.,This seems to be the required courtesy on their part. The French, however, usually are

25、 not so ready with such a formality. Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves. Only when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship, will they exchange cards. It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conv

26、ersation gets under way.,Translation Theories in the West,1. Marcus Tullius Cicero (西塞罗 10643 BC) Roman statesman, orator and philosopher Types of translation: 1)“作为解释员”(ut interpres)的翻译 translator as an interpreter,2)“作为演说家”(ut orator)的翻译 translator as an orator Translation should reproduce the nat

27、ure of the original .（翻译应再现原文的本质。） -Elements of language：form, sound, meaning, style（undertone） -For a text, one or two elements of language may be the nature or the most important thing of the text.,Eg: Form as the nature of a text,人曾为僧，人弗可以为佛。 女卑为婢，女又何妨成奴。 A Bud dhist cannot bud into a Buddha , A

28、maid en may be made a house maid . (trans. Xu Yuanzhong),Eg: Sound as the nature of a text,The fair breeze blew , the white foam flew, 和风吹拂，白浪翻飞， The furrow followed free. 船儿破浪前行。 We were the first that ever burst 咱们是古来第一遭， Into the silent sea. 闯入这片沉寂的穷溟。 (S. T. Coleridge),2. John Dryden (德莱顿 1631-1

29、700) A famous English writer and poet laureate (桂冠诗人) Types of translation: Metaphrase: a word-for-word, literal rendering 直译/逐字翻译 Imitation: radical departures from the original text, including additions and re-interpretations 仿译/拟作 Paraphrase: a logical compromise between the two extremes 释译/意译,3.

30、 Matthew Arnold (阿诺德， 1822-1888) English poet and translator His translations: Iliad 伊利亚特; Odyssey 奥德赛 His basic viewpoint on translation: He insisted on preserving the form of an original even though the meaning and the spirit of a text might suffer, reacting against freedom in translating.,Comment

31、s on Arnolds view,Poetry should be rendered like poetry; the form is very important; it should not be translated as a prose or something else; the form of the translated text should be similar to that of the original; if the form is greatly changed, faithfulness could not be achieved. For example, t

32、he following “translation” of an ancient Chinese poem is actually not a translation but a rewriting or adaptation.,A counter-example on poetry translation,美国诗人洛威尔(Amy Lowell)英译杨贵妃诗赠张云容舞 Source text： 罗袖动香香不已，红蕖袅袅秋烟里， 轻云岭上乍摇风，嫩柳池边初拂水。,Target text: Wide sleeve asway Scents, Sweet scents Incessant comin

33、g. It is red lilies, Lotus lilies, Floating up, And up Out of autumn mist.,Thin clouds Puffed, Fluttered, Blown on a rippling wind Through a mountain pass. Young willow shoots Touching Brushing The water Of the garden pool.,4. Alexander Fraser Tytler (泰特勒， 1749-1814) An English anthropologist Master

34、work: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1790 论翻译的原则 His three translation principles: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译文要完全复述作者的思想。 (信),2)The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original . 译文的风格、笔调应当

35、与原文的性质相同。 （雅） 3)The translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应当和原文一样流畅。 （达） Compare them with Yan Fus three-in-one principle: Xin, Da and Ya,5. Peter Newmark (纽马克,1916-2011) Contemporary English translation scholar Major works: Approaches to Translation (1981) About Transl

36、ation (1983) A textbook of Translation (1988) Types of translation Semantic Translation 语义翻译 Communicative Translation 交际翻译,Features of semantic translation(语义翻译),Author-centered Pursues authors thought Faithful, more literal Usually more awkward SL-biased Informative,Features of communicative trans

37、lation（交际翻译）,Reader-centered Pursues authors intention Faithful, freer Easy reading, more natural TL-biased Effective,6. Eugene A. Nida (1914-2011) Bible translator Contemporary American translation scholar Major works: Toward a Science of Translating (1965) The Theory and Practice of Translation (1

38、969) Language, Culture and Translating (1993),His basic view on translation: Translation means communicating. Translation means translating meanings. No translation is ever completely equivalent, so paraphrase is sometimes necessary. His major concepts Formal/dynamic/functional equivalence,Dynamic e

39、quivalence （动态对等）（It is not an equivalence in surface structure /feature, whereas in the deep meaning.）,春怨 （金昌绪） 打起黄莺儿， 莫教枝上啼。 啼时惊妾梦， 不得到辽西。,Spring Melancholy （A lovers Dream） Oh , drive the golden orioles From off our garden tree! Their warbling broke the dream wherein My lover smiled to me. transl

40、ated by U.S. sinologist W. J. B. Fletcher,道安（314-385） 东晋，后秦皇帝姚兴的国师 “质”(plain style，直译)、“五失本”、“三不易” “五失本”（译文失去原作本来面目）：译胡为秦，有五失本也：一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也金刚经：大比丘众共半十三比丘百/与大比丘众千二百五十人整。二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。三者。胡经委悉，至于咏叹，咛叮反覆，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。, Translation Theories in China,四者。胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说而悉除，此五失本也。 “三不易”（译事三种不容易的情况）：然般若经，三达之心，覆面所演，圣必因时，时俗有易，而删雅古以适今，一不易也；愚智天隔，圣人叵阶，乃欲以千岁之上微言，传使合百王之下末俗，二不易也；阿难出经，去佛未久，尊者大迦叶令五百六通，迭察迭书，今离千年而以近意量裁，彼阿罗汉乃兢兢若此，此生死人而平平若此，岂将不知法者勇乎？斯三不易也。,小资料： 佛经翻译及道安之前的佛经翻译家： Buddhist Scriptures（佛经） Sanskrit (梵语) Bud