02语言与文化讲座.ppt

1、语言与文化讲座 A Talk on Language 关联词（包括关系代词，关系副词，连词和介词）使用较少。,英语 : 名词使用较多; 关联词，特别是介词，使用十分广泛。,汉语中大量使用动词，在英语中往往可以使用介词。,( 1) The family is at dinner（吃） ( 2) He is on duty today（值班） ( 3) The book is beyond me（不懂） ( 4) Here is a letter for yon（给你的）,（三）英语一般用代称较多，汉语用实称较多（汉语往往重复实称，或者省略不用 。）,（1）He who makes no mist

2、akes makes nothing. 不犯错误的人是什么也不干的人。 （2）There were sixteen students in my class All (of them) speak English 我班上有16个学生，所有的学生都说英语。,（四）英语里的句子一般要有主语，没有主语或省略主语的句子只是例外；但汉语里有些句子可以省略主语。同一个主语在英语句中第二次出现时，不能省略，而在汉语中则往往可以省略。,Mr. Wang went to the Friendship Hotel as soon as he arrived at Beijing 王先生刚到北京就去友谊宾馆了。 下

3、雨了。 It is raining 很难说。 Its hard to say. / You can never tell,（五）英汉的主要句子成分虽然都是“主语十谓语-宾语”的顺序，但状语的位置则不相同。,英语句中主语与谓语、谓语与宾语习惯于尽量靠近，尽量把状语放在句尾或句首； 汉语句则往往在主语与谓语之间插入大量的状语修饰语，然后谓语（和宾语）才最后出现。 I met him on the way home yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午在回家的路上碰到了他。,（六）肯定与否定的表述方式,英语是针对对方提问的“事实”是否肯定来回答的 。,汉语则是根据自己是否同意对方提出

4、的问题来回答的。,You dont like it, do you？ 你不喜欢，是吗？ No, I dont like it 是的，我不喜欢。 Yes, I like it very much 不，我很喜欢。,因为中西方习惯的不同，有时对同一概念英语用肯定的说法，汉语用否定的说法，有时则相反。,请勿受潮 油漆未干 闲人免进 打八折,Keep Dry Wet Paint Staff Only 20% Off,（七）英汉两种文化传统和思维逻辑不同，说话内容重点的先后顺序也不尽相同。,中国: 总喜欢先摆出事情的来龙去脉，然后再表明自己的态度和观点，这样来表示谦虚、含蓄和委婉,英美: 习惯于开门见山，

5、坦率而鲜明地说出自己的观点和态度，然后再陈述事情的原由。,Many thanks for the dinner yesterday, which my wife and I enjoyed very much. 我和我妻子对昨天的晚宴感到极其愉快，深表感谢。 I am much delighted to hear that you have been admitted by Peking University with a good score on the National College Entrance Exams 听说你以优异成绩考取了北京大学，（我）非常高兴。,怎样说话才更有礼貌 ？

6、,汉语： 我、你、他 我和张先生,英语： you, he and I Mr. Zhang and I,您还得骑车去吧？ You had better go there by bike I think the best way is by bike 您九点钟能来吗？ Can you come at nine？ Would nine be all right？,英汉文化的几大差异（一）亲属称谓,英语的亲属以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区别男性、女性，忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异。如：grandparents, grandfather, grandmother 在中文中的对应词为“

7、祖辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”。 再如，父母同辈中的称谓：uncle和aunt，在中文中的对应词为“伯伯、叔叔、舅舅等，姑妈、姨妈等”。 英文中的表示下辈的nephew和 niece是不分侄甥的，表示同辈的cousin不分堂表、性别。,英汉文化的几大差异（二）问候用语,中国人打招呼，一般都以对方处境或动向为思维出发点。如： 您去哪里？ 上班去啊？ 而西方人往往认为这些纯属个人私事，不能随便问。所以他们见面打招呼的方式有： Hi! Hello！ Good morning/afternoon/evening/night！ Whats up? Howve you been?,英汉文化的几大差异（三）

8、面对恭维,中国人的传统美德是谦虚谨慎，对别人的恭维和夸奖应是推辞。如： “您的英语讲得真好。”“哪里，哪里，一点也不行。” “菜做得很好吃。”“过奖，过奖，做得不好，请原谅。” 西方人不过分谦虚，对恭维一般表示谢意。如： “You can speak very good French.” “Thank you.” “Its a wonderful dish！” “I am glad you like it.” 所以，学生要注意当说英语的人称赞你时，千万不要回答：“No, I dont think so.”这种回答在西方人看来是不礼貌的，甚至是虚伪的。,英汉文化的几大差异（四）电话用语,中国人打

9、电话时的用语与平时讲话用语没有多少差异。 “喂，您好。麻烦您叫一声王伟接电话。”“我是张英，请问您是谁？” 英语中打电话与平时用语差别很大。如： “Hello, this is John speaking.” “Could I speak to Tom please？” “Is that Mary speaking？” 中国学生刚开始学英语会犯这样的错误： “Hello, who are you please？”,英汉文化的几大差异（五）接受礼物,中国人收到礼物时，一般是放在一旁，等客人走后才拆开。受礼时连声说：“哎呀，还送礼物干什么？”“真是不好意思啦。” “让您破费了。” 西方人收到礼物时

10、，一般当着客人的面马上打开，并连声称好： “Very beautiful! Wow!” “What a wonderful gift it is!” “Thank you for your present.”,英汉文化的几大差异（六）称呼用语,中国人见面时喜欢问对方的年龄、收入、家庭等。而西方人很反感别人问及这些私事。西方人之间如没有血缘关系，对男子统称呼Mr.，对未婚女士称Miss，对已婚女士称Mrs.，对不知道是否已婚的女士统称Ms. 中国人重视家庭、亲情，认为血浓于水。为了表示礼貌，对陌生人也要以亲属关系称呼。如： “大爷、大娘、大叔、大婶、大哥、大姐”等。,英汉文化的几大差异（七）体贴

11、他人,在西方，向别人提供帮助、关心、同情等的方式和程度是根据接受方愿意接受的程度来定的；而中国人帮起忙来一般是热情洋溢，无微不至。例如：一位中国留学生在美国看到一位老教授蹒跚过车水马龙的马路，出于同情心，他飞步上前挽住老人，要送他过去，但是他得到的却是怒目而视。请看下面的对话：,Chinese student: Mr. White, you are so pale. Are you sick? English teacher: Well Yes I have got a bad cold for several days. Chinese student: You should go to a

12、 clinic and see the doctor as soon as possible. English teacher: Er What do you mean？ 中国人建议患上感冒的人马上去看医生，表示真诚的关心。而美国人对此不理解，会认为难道他的病有如此严重吗？因此，只要回答：“Im sorry to hear that.”就够了。,英汉文化的几大差异（八）请客吃饭,中国人招待客人时，一般都准备了满桌美味佳肴，不断地劝客人享用，自己还谦虚：“没什么菜，吃顿便饭。薄酒一杯，不成敬意。”行动上多以主人为客人夹菜为礼。 西方人会对此大惑不解：明明这么多菜，却说没什么菜，这不是实事求是的行

13、为。而他们请客吃饭，菜肴比较简单，席间劝客仅仅说：“Help yourself to some vegetables.”吃喝由客人自便自定。,西方礼仪 An Introduction of Western Etiquette,SOCIAL BUSINESS GREETINGS however, the Western world still allows men to extend consideration to a woman Always address elders as Mr., Mrs., Ms., etc.,MEN simply blotting will do If you l

14、eave the table before the meal is completed, fold the napkin once and place it on the left side of the plate (soiled part turned under), or on your chair When the meal is completed, place the folded napkin on the left side of the plate; if the plate has been removed, place in the center,CHINESE TABL

15、E MANNERS,Not rude to reach in front of someone to grab something Polite to reach for food with chopsticks Chinese host like to put food on your plate for you,Place bones or seeds in different dish Your host will fill up your dish if it is empty Never take the last bit from a serving dish,WESTERN TA

16、BLE MANNERS,Food is passed around the table If something is out of your reach, you ask politely for someone to pass it to you,Not rude to leave plate full Not rude to leave your plate empty Not rude to take last item off dish,THINGS YOU SHOULD NOT DO,Never lick or put your knife in your mouth. Never

17、 chew with your mouth open. Never talk with food in your mouth. It is impolite to have your elbows on the table while you are eating. Dont reach over someones plate for something, ask for the item to be passed.,Never take food from your neighbours plate. Never pick food out of your teeth with your f

18、ingernails. It is impolite to put too much food in your mouth. It is impolite to slurp your food or eat noisily.,53,The best way to make sure that youre “minding your manners” is to generally use those basic common courtesies: Thank you. No, thank you. Excuse me. May I ?,COMMON COURTESY,英美概况 A Brief

19、 Survey of the UK and the US,THE ENGLISH LANGUAGEDistribution of NESs by country,The Anglosphere (英语圈) anglophone (讲英语者),Native Language Official Language,English is an official language in 53 countries and regions. But it is not an official language of the UK or Australia. Only in part of the US (3

20、0 states) is English an official language, not at the federal level. It is the de facto 事实上的 official language of the UK and the US. Official languages in Canada: Eng. + Fr., in Ireland: Irish + Eng., in New Zealand: Eng. + Maori + NZ sign lang.,Commonwealth of Nations (54 countries) (英联邦国家),UK GEOG

21、RAPHY,The official name of the UK the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国) The UK is made up of: Great Britain (the formerly separate England, Scotland, and Wales. ) Northern Ireland Numerous smaller islands,UK Map,Read the map to find: Atlantic Ocean North Sea Irish

22、Sea The English Channel (The Channel Tunnel ) The Republic of Ireland,Climate,Main features: Temperate, with warm summers, cold winters and plenty rainfall Three major features: Winter fog Rainy days Instability/changeability,Major Cities London,The River Thames (泰晤士河),Capital of England and of Grea

23、t Britain Political center of the Commonwealth A major port One of the worlds leading banking and financial centers.,Landmarks Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south Atlantic Ocean on the east; Pacific Ocean on the west 50 states and the District of Columbiathe seat of the Federal Government Ala

24、skalargest Rhode Islandsmallest Texaslargest on the mainland,River and Lakes,The Mississippi River the longest and the most important river in the system of the Gulf. length6,262 kilometers,Known as the “father of waters” to American Indians As Mark Twain was raised on the river, his most popular an

25、d important writings are concerned with this areaThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn tells the story of how the boy Huckleberry Finn and his black friend Jim, a runaway slave, sailed down the Mississippi on a raft.,The Great Lakes,The most important system of inland waterways in the world. Lake Michi

26、ganwholly within the United States part of the national boundary between the United States and Canada runs through this chain of lakes.,Niagara Falls (尼亚加拉大瀑布),Major Cities,Can you name some major cities in the US? What are they known for? New Yorkcommercial and financial center of the United States

27、/world Washington D.C.seat of the federal government Los Anglessecond largest city, Hollywood Chicagowindy city Seattle; Philadelphia; San Francisco; etc.,New York,Situated on three islandsManhattan Island, Long Island and Staten Island at the mouth of Hudson River. Five boroughsManhattan, Brooklyn,

28、 Bronx, Richmond and Queens. the headquarter of the United Nations,Times Square (时代广场),Central Park (中央公园),The statue of liberty (自由女神像) is a huge sculpture located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This monument was a gift to the US from the people of France in recognition of the French-America

29、n alliance during the American Revolution. The formal name of the statue is Liberty Enlightening the World“ (自由照耀世界).,Washington D.C.,Located on the Potomac River. District of Columbianamed after Christopher Columbus citynamed after George Washington, the first president of U.S.,What is this buildin

30、g?,What about this one?,San Francisco,Golden Gate Bridge (金门大桥),Center of oil-refining, automobiles, chemicals, commerce, finance, and shipping industry. Chinatown the largest Chinese settlement in America.,Los Angels,Second largest US city,Hollywood the heart of worlds motion pictures industry,Disn

31、eyland (迪斯尼乐园),Chicago,The windy city; second most populous city after New York. largest industrial city in the country, with highly developed heavy and light industries center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the Midwest area, also a culture center,People,The US is the third mos

32、t populous nation in the world, ranking behind China and India. According to the US Census Bureau, its population is over 310 million in 2011.,Nation of Immigrants,Race and ethnic groups Native Americans White Anglo-Saxons Protestants (WASP) Blacks Hispanics Asian-Americans,The Melting Pot vs. Salad

33、 Bowl,The US is a nation of many ethnic groups. They speak almost the same kind of English with far less class or regional variety than in the UK.,POLITICAL SYSTEMSBranches of Government,Legislative (“legislate” = make law) 立法 two houses of parliament Executive (“execute” = do something) 行政 governme

34、nt departments, army Judiciary (“judge” = make a court decision) 司法 courts and judges,Political System of the UK,The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch as the head of state (议会民主制、君主立宪制),Monarch (non-political),Legislature Parliament,Executive,Judiciary (non-political),House of Commons (political),House of Lords (semi-political),Prime Minister & Cabinet (political),Ministers & Civil service (non-political),House of Lords,Court of Appeal,Political System of the US,Checks and balances (权力制衡),Legislative