第七讲代词(二).ppt

1、The Seventh Lesson: Pronoun (2),第七讲：代词（二）,7.1 代词的格,7.2 物主代词、反身代词、人称代词的类指用法,7.3 代词照应,英语的人称代词有三种格：主格（Subjective Case）、宾格（Objective Case）、属格（Genitive Case）。属格代词（Genitive Pronoun）又叫物主代词（Possessive Pronoun），按其语法功能分为名词性属格代词（Nominal Genitive Pronoun）和限定词性属格代词（Determinative Genitive Pronoun）。 名词性属格代词在这里仍叫物主

2、代词（Possessive Pronoun），包括mine，yours, his，hers，ours，yours，theirs。限定词性属格代词包括my，your，his，her，its，our，your，their，在这里已归入限定词一类，叫做物主限定词。,一般来说，人称代词在句中作主语，用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格；表示“所有”，用属格。例如： She doesnt believe us. His house is much larger than mine., 用主格还是用宾格,A）人称代词在句中作主语，通常要用主格，但是，在非正式语 体中，当人称代词用于不带谓语或者不带限定谓语

3、动词的不完 全句中作主语时，习惯上用宾格，而不用主格。例如： A：Does any of you know where Tom lives? B：Me.,B）人称代词在比较分句（Comparative Clause）中作主语，用主格；作宾语，用宾格。例如： He isnt nearly as smart as he (is). I trust you as much as her. 但在非正式语体中，人称代词在比较分句中作主语，也可用宾格。例如： She is prettier than me. She is as tall as him. 特别是当这类人称代词带有all，both作同谓语时，

4、通常都用宾格。例如： He is cleverer than us all. She is taller than them both.,C） 人称代词在句中作主语补语时，按照传统语法，该用主格。但在实际使用中习惯上多用宾格。例如： A：Who is knocking at the door? B：It is me. If I were her, I would take the advice.,D）当人称代词在分裂句（Cleft Sentence）中作中心成分（Focal Element）时，常用主格。 It is he who did it. It was she that solved

5、the problem.,如果以上用法的人称代词在随后的who-/ that-分句中处于宾语地位，则多用宾格。例如： It was him that I sent to collect the money. It is her that we are talking about.,E）当句子主语为“everybody/ nobody + but / except + 人称代词”的结构时，这种人称代词按照传统语法该用宾格，因为but / except是介词。但在实际使用中，只要人称代词出现在主语位置上，常用主格。例如： Nobody but she can solve our problems.

6、 Everybody except he agreed to our proposal. 但若以上主语被分隔而使“but / except + 人称代词”这一介词词组出现在句尾时，则人称代词用宾格： Nobody can solve our problem but her. Everybody agreed to our proposal but him. 如果“everybody / nobody / + but / except + 人称代词”结构用作句子宾语，则人称代词只能用宾格。例如： I interviewed everybody but him.,F）在由人称疑问代词who引导的问

7、句或从属问句中，疑问代词的格依其在句中的地位而定：在正式语体中，作主语用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分用宾格。例如： Who can solve our problems? Who can we trust at such a moment in history? I dont know who can solve our problems. I dont know whom they finally selected.,但若人称疑问代词紧跟于介词之后，则只能用宾格。例如： To whom did you send the parcel? From whom did you receive a l

8、etter?,G）在由关系代词who引导的分句中，如果作主语的who之后跟有I believe，think等插入语，在正式语体中关系代词通常用主格。例如： Will you go and see Carlos, who I believe will be glad to help you? She is a woman who people believe may be the president of the company some day. （在非正式语体中，特别是在口语中，可用宾格whom。）,H）在由关系代词whoever引导的名词性分句（Nominal Clause）中，该关系代词

9、的格也是依其在分句中的地位而定：作主语，用主格；作宾语或介词补足成分，用宾格。例如： They always elect whoever is popular. I will not trust whomever they will elect. 如果whoever是在不定式之后作补语，一般用宾格。例如： My sympathy is with this poor man, whomever he might be thought to be., 用宾格还是用属格,A）当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作 宾语时，人称代词通常用属格。属格代词在这里叫物 主限定词。例如： I wan

10、t to avoid his / Johns thinking that I dont want to help. I dont mind their / the girls changing their minds.,当带有人称代词作主语的-ing分词分句在主句中作介词补足成分时，作此种用法的人称代词也是既可用属格也可用宾格，而以用属格居多。例如： I told them about your / you resigning from office. I am surprised at his / him making that mistake.,但是当主句带有defer（延期），deny，

11、postpone等作谓语动词时，随后作宾语的-ing分词分句如果还带有人称代词作为分句主语，这种人称代词通常只用属格，不用宾格。例如： He doesnt deny his breaking the agreement. My failure to complete the task deferred my going on a holiday. 上述这类-ing分词分句如果在主句中作主语，通常也只用属格，不用宾格。例如： Her driving off so abruptly was most unfortunate. His refusing to accept the invitatio

12、n is really surprising.,B）当人称代词在主句中作宾语，随后又跟有-ing分词分句作补语，这时，人称代词只能用宾格，不用属格。例如： They caught him cheating on the exam. 而不能说： They caught his cheating on the exam. C）当带有人称代词作主语的不定式分句在主句中作宾语时，这种作分句主语的人称代词，通常只用宾格，不用属格。例如： Everyone wanted him to be the leader of the movement.,Exercise 7.1,Just between you

13、and (I, me) that man is crazy. The petition was drafted by Nelson, Wright, Mansfield, and (I, me). Everybody, including (I, me), failed the test. Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Troy and (she, her). The child (who, whom) we thought was lost was found in the next block.,Stanley

14、 had no doubt about (who, whom) would be elected minister of defense. He promised to support (whoever, whomever) of the Republican prospects（共和党候选人）was chosen. The youth (who, whom) they said was the most advanced in the group did prove to be the leader. They will arrest (whoever, whomever) is the o

15、rganizer of the riot. The woman (who, whom) we thought to be (she, her) turned out to be her sister.,（1）物主代词,如前所述，这里所讲的物主代词仅指名词性属格代词，包括mine，yours，his，hers，ours，yours，theirs，列表如下：,物主代词在句中起名词词组的作用，可作主语、主语补语、宾语、介词补足成分以及同位语等。例如： The car in the lot is his. Mine is the one with a broken light. Ill do my w

16、ork and you yours. 物主代词还可在双重属格（Double Genitive）结构中作介词of的补足成分。例如： He is a friend of mine. We were absorbed in that song of yours.,（2）反身代词,反身代词即人称代词的反身形式（Reflexive Form）。英语的反身代词有myself，yourself，himself，itself，oneself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves等。 反身代词可在句中作同位语、宾语、主语补语以及介词补足成分等。反身代词的这些用法可以归纳尾两大类：即强调

17、性用法（Emphatic Use）与非强调性用法（Unemphatic Use）。,A）反身代词作同位语 反身代词作同位语属于强调性用法，这时，反身代词要重读；如果反身代词是强调主语，其位置比较灵活。例如： The manager himself will interview Lucy. The manager will interview Lucy himself. 有时为了特别强调，反身代词还可出现在主语之前。例如： Myself, I cant come, but Ill ask someone to help you.,当反身代词不是强调主语，而是强调句子其他成分时，其位置只能直接跟在

18、被强调的成分之后。例如： I spoke to the president himself. I like the diamond itself but not the setting.,B）反身代词作介词补足成分 反身代词作介词补足成分一般属于非强调性用法，不需要重读，但若表示对比意义，便需重读，从而属于强调性用法。例如： I have nothing to say for myself. 如果在语法结构上明显表示对比，则肯定属于强调性用法。例如： She was worried about herself, not about him.,反身代词与某些介词搭配可表示特殊意义，这也属于强调性

19、用法。例如： The enemy will not perish of himself（自行灭亡）. This matter is between ourselves（勿为外人知道）. He was beside himself with joy（欣喜若狂）.,c）反身代词作宾语 反身代词作宾语通常属于非强调性用法，不需重读，常见于某些“动词+反身代词+副词”的固定搭配中。例如： You must pull yourself together（振作起来）. She took herself away（走开）. He often puts himself forward（摆架子）.,也常见于某些

20、“动词+反身代词+介词”的固定搭配中。例如：,Very soon we adapted ourselves to（适应了）the hot weather. He applied himself to（专心致志于）the task. You should not surrender yourself to despair（陷于绝望）.,还常见于某些成语中。例如： I dont want to make a show of myself（出丑）before strangers. She should have kicked herself（严厉自责）for committing such a mi

21、stake. For a long time she had kept herself to herself（不与他人往来）.,在某些SVO结构中，反身代词常与behave，conduct，deport等动词搭配表示举止行为的好坏。例如： He behaved himself fairly well（举止端庄）when he was at college. She always conducts herself like a lady（举止大方）. The boys were trained to deport themselves like gentlemen（作风正派）.,在某些SVoO结

22、构中，间接宾语通常用反身代词，而不用相应的人称代词宾格。例如： She made herself a fine dress. The youth promised himself（希望得到）a rapid progress.,在某些以反身代词作宾语的SVOC结构中，其宾语补语有时表示某一动作对自己引起的结果。例如： He talked himself hoarse（一直讲到声音嘶哑）. They quarreled themselves red in the face（争吵得面红耳赤）. He drank himself under the table（醉倒在地）.,在由“find，catch

23、+反身代词”构成的SVOC结构中，宾语补语有时表示自己处于某种不自觉的状态。例如： The enemy found themselves in a dilemma（发现自己进退维谷）. Mr. Jones found himself thinking（不知不觉地沉思起来）. She caught herself making the same mistake（突然发现自己又犯 了同样的错误）. 在由“fancy，see+反身代词”构成的SVOC结构中，其宾语补语往往表示一种“想象的”或“仿佛看到的”情景。例如： She still fancies herself young and beaut

24、iful（自以为仍旧年轻漂亮）. I cant see myself allowing people to cheat me（无法想象会允许别人欺骗我）.,d）反身代词的其他用法问题 反身代词作主语补语属于强调性用法，这种用法通常表示身体状况或作并列补语的一部分。例如： Frank is not quite himself（身体不适）today. The girl will be herself in no time（很快康复）. The other two are Mr. Stein and myself.,在正式语体中，通常不用反身代词单独作主语或者用反身代词作并列主语的一部分。一般都只能

25、作主语同位语。例如：,She / She herself is the cause of the difficulty. Pat and I/ I myself are writing a novel.,在anyone / no one but之后可用第一，二人称反身代词（通常重读）作主语，却通常不用第三人称反身代词，比如可以说： Anyone but yourself would have noticed the change. Nobody but myself noticed the change. 却通常不说： Nobody / No one but himself speaks Fr

26、ench here. 而该说： No one but he himself speaks French here.,顺便提示一下：“no one but + 人称代词”作主语通常用主格。例如： Nobody but I noticed the change. No one but he speaks French here. 如果“but+人称代词”这一结构语与nobody / no one分离而出现在句尾，即在宾语的区域，则用宾格。例如： Nobody said anything about it but me / myself. No one speaks French here but

27、him.,（3）人称代词的类指用法,人称代词及其属格形式和反身形式通常指特定的人或物，这是人称代词的特指用法（Specific Reference）。但是，某些人称代词也可泛指一般的人或物。这就是人称代词的类指用法（Generic Reference）。 英语中能泛指一般“人们”的代词有四个，即one，we，you，they。one作为类指的人称代词，其意义相当如people，包括说话人和听话人在内，有属格形式ones，也有反身形式oneself。例如： One can only do ones best. One should not overwork oneself.,不定代词one通常用

28、于正式语体。为了避免在同一句中多次重复one / ones，凡是要重复one / ones的地方，可用he / his来取代，在美国英语中尤其如此。例如： One must remember to remain still when he attends a concert. If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. 作类指用法的we也常见于正式语体。作者在正式书面语中常用we来表示包括作者和读者在内的一般的人，口气亲切，使读者容易接受作者的观点，产生共鸣。例如： We must be conscientious in

29、 our work if we value our careers.,作类指用法的you与不定代词one同义，均指包括说话人和听话人在内的一般的人，但只用于非正是语体，口气亲切。例如： If you want to see the ruins, you must go on foot. 作类指用法的they也常见于非正式语体，但所指的人不包括说话人和听话人在内。例如： They say its going to rain this afternoon. 要注意，除非表意上的需要，类指的人称代词通常不在句中混杂使用，例如一下情况就不是可取的： One must be patient if the

30、y want to succeed. 当然，如果是表意上的需要，那么中途更换类指代词则是可以的。例如; If you want to see the ruins, they will tell you that you must have a guide.,中性第三人称代词it 也可作类指用法，即泛指一类的物。例如： Music is my favorite subject. Is it yours? I dont like cheese. I dont even want to taste it. 中性复数第三人称代词they也可作类似用法。例如： Oysters（牡蛎）are delici

31、ous, and they are inexpensive. 由上述诸例可以看出，当中性第三人称代词it和they作类指用法时，其先行项通常是带有零冠词的名词词组。,Exercise7.2,Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences: Jane and himself collaborated on a new novel.,he himself,I saw his waving a flag in the crowd.,him,The reward was divided among us three, George, Tom, an

32、d I. We agreed to accept whomever they thought was the best foreman. Of all we men whom I think should be available for office, Thompson is the first who comes to mind. They deferred him going home on furlough until next month.,me,whoever,us,who,his,Johnsons father approved of he staying in China fo

33、r another year. I dont like you to arrive late. He is the one whom I believe is interested in entomology（昆虫学）. It looks as if no one except himself can be there early.,him,your arriving,who,he himself / him,（1）后照应、前照应、语境照应,凡是指代对象出现子在上下文，随后的代词必须回过头来与它形成照应关系，这就是“后照应”。例如： Bob told Lucy that Ruth was le

34、aving, but she didnt believe him.,凡是指代对象出现在下文，代词必须指向前方与之发生照应关系，这便是“前照应”。例如： When he was at college, Alex was a great friend of mine. It should never have happened. She went out and left the baby unattended. 凡是指代对象没有在上下文中表示出来，而仅存在于特定的情景中，便是“语境照应”。例如： (Pointing to Rudy who is rushing to the goal) Look

35、, he is approaching the goal.,（2）人称照应 人称照应就是人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及物主限定词（Possessive Determiner）与其所指代对象的照应关系。人称照应通常是后照应，即指代对象通常出现在前，人称代词出现在后。这种照应关系可以存在于同一句中，也可以存在于前后句中。,人称照应也可以是前照应，即代词在上文，指代对象在下文。但是，前照应人称代词在使用上所受限制较大，不如后照应人称代词那样普遍。一般来说，前照应人称代词通常出现在从属结构中，而且凡是能用前照应的场合，也可用后照应来表达。例如：,After she weighted anchor（起

36、锚）, the ship sailed out of the harbor.,又如：,Those who most deserve it rarely seem to suffer defeat. On his arrival in the capital the Foreign Minister declared his support for the government. 在上述第一例中，人称代词it出现在上文的关系分句（从属结构）中，而指代对象defeat则出现在下文，从而构成前照应关系。在第二例中，物主限定词his出现在上文的介词词组中，指代对象the Foreign Ministe

37、r出现在下文，从而也构成前照应关系。这些前照应现象也都可以比较自由地为后照应所取代： Those who most deserve defeat rarely seem to suffer it. On the Foreign Ministers arrival in the hospital he declared support for the government.,但是，后照应现象并不都能这样自由地为前照应所取代。试观察： Mary bought a new dress, but she didnt like it. She bought a new dress, but Mary didnt like it. 在上述第一句中，she和Mary是同一个人；而在第二句中，she的指代对象不是Mary，she和Mary是两个