可用-语法概要.ppt

1、语法的定义，语法(grammar)是语言的组织规律，是关于词性变化和状语声门的规则。语法结构的五个茄子级别：语素、单词、短语、子句、文章、Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know。Paul is one of the nicest SCSI Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know。主要子句main clause，从属子句subordinate clause，Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know，Paul is one of the nicest

2、school boys I know。介词短语preposition phrase，Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know。名词短语Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know .动词ku verb phrase，Paul is one of the nicest school boys I know .单词word:Paul、Paul Know、of、the、nicest、语素morpheme、Paul、one、school、boy、-s、语素是指语言中最小、最有意义的单位。语素不能再分割了。否则，

3、其意义将会改变或消失。自由语素free morpheme，自由语素是一个词可以独立存在的语素。in、on、out、book、home、mark、store、kind、heart、land、friend、sick、away、under，英语后缀可以分为两个茄子类别：折射后缀inflectional affix派生后缀derivational affix)，折射后缀表示后缀折射变化：表示名词复数的后缀-s、-es3360books和churche动词的后缀，前缀anti-war postwarco-exist网络，后缀Marxist movement careless carelessness，前

4、缀unlu cky international unfortunately pressness词素变体，请拼写词是一种语法单位，由一个或多个语素组成，比语素高一级。根据词的构成分类：根据简单词、派生词、复合词、词的语法功能分类：功能词(function word)和实际词(content word)、功能词(structural word)功能词的数量有限且增殖，助动词(auxiliary verb)分隔符(determiner)代词(pronoun)介词(preposition)连接词(conjunction)感叹词(interjer)(open-class word，open-classw

5、ord，open-classword)名词(noun)活动词(main verb)形容词(adjective)，名词短语noun phrase: a boy，the old man，many interesting stories written for children，介词短语prepositional phrase 3360 across the cound，句子是最高层次的语法单位，由一个或多个子句组成。句子分类：以表的形式分类：肯定短语assertion否定短语negation，陈述语句(declarative sentences)说明事实或陈述说话者的观点。She arrived

6、quite early。提问(interrogative sentences)牙齿问题。Do you like to play football？Look at the blackboard，please！感叹句表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气氛等。What a fine day it is？语句表示请求、命令、嘱咐、邀请等功能。特殊疑问句(special question)以疑问代词或疑问副词开头，使用颠倒的语序。How much is this table-light？请选择疑问句，提出两个茄子答案，看看哪个对。Do you want coffee or cola？相反的疑问句提出情况或意见，询

7、问对方是否同意。You prefer going by plane，dont you？附加疑问句closely question在按陈述或陈述语顺序表达的疑问句中，将疑问词用作表语、宾语、副词等非主语成分时，不把疑问词放在句子的开头，而是放在句子的末尾。Id like to ask him why？She is your who？What have you hidden where？特殊嵌套疑问句reduplicative questions，what is what？Which of whom？Who gave what to whom？混合疑问句mixed questions将“一般疑问句

8、”和“特殊疑问句”混合在一个句子中，构成“混合疑问句”。who do you think is the master here，I or you eh？What do you think she would feel？陈述语句remember that I am always ready to help。=if there is anything I can do，please let me know。疑问语句，Tell me what you want，感叹词，Am I hungry！=bring something for me to eat . how hungry I am！负面陈述，

9、you are not a student，I cant see the screen。负疑问句，Arent you tired？Didnt you hear the bell？负面的特殊疑问，Why dont we sing it together？Who doesnt know？负选择疑问句，wasnt he elected president or vice-president？负反义文，You wont go to the workshop，will you？否定语句，dont worry about it。never do things by halves。负面感叹句，Wasnt i

10、t a marvelous concert！简单的文章，单个简单的文章one member simple sentence是用于表达语言精炼的一般修辞手段。短篇的简单文章只有一个成分，是主语和谓语。night。大城市！按配置分类：两个简单的文章two-member simple sentence包含两个茄子主要组件，即“主语谓语”。everybody laughed。time is money。she studies english。she gave me a book。“compound sentence(并行文章)”是指两种，The old man was dying，and he knew it .复杂的文章是主从关系，而不是构成句子的每个子句之间的并行关系。也就是说，一节是另一节的一部分。just as he was about to drop out of school，vadim