Chapter6 Infancy-Cognitive Develop.ppt

1、Infancy:Cognitive Development,Cognitive Development,Jean Piaget,Cognitive Development Jean Piaget,Focus on development of childrens ways of perceiving and mentally representing the world Schemes Concepts Assimilation “Fit” new ideas into existing schemes Accommodation Modify schemes to accept new id

2、eas,What Is the Sensorimotor Stage of Cognitive Development?,Birth through 2 years Development through sensory and motor activity Progress from reflex responses to goal-oriented behavior Form mental representations Hold complex pictures of past events in mind Solve problems by mental trial and error

3、,Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage,Simple Reflexes Birth to 1 month Modify reflexes based on experience Primary Circular Reactions 1 to 4 months Primary = focus on infants own body Circular = repeated behaviors Secondary Circular Reactions 4 to 8 months Secondary = focus on objects or environmenta

4、l events Track moving objects until they disappear from view,Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage,Coordination of Secondary Schemes 8 to 12 months Coordinate schemes to attain specific goals Begin to imitate others Tertiary Circular Reactions 12 to 18 months Deliberate trial and error behaviors Inven

5、tion of New Means Through Mental Combinations/ Thought 18 to 24 months External exploration is replaced by mental exploration,Object Permanence,Neonates show no response to objects not within their immediate grasp 2 month - show surprise when a screen is lifted after an object was placed behind a sc

6、reen and now is not there Child makes no effort to search for the missing object 6 month - try to retrieve a preferred object partially hidden 8- to 12-month - try to retrieve objects completely hidden More recent research object permanence in some form as early as 2 - 3 months,Figure 6.1,Developmen

7、t of Object Permanence,Figure 6.2,Object Permanence Before 4 Months of Age?,What Are the Strengths/Weaknesses of Piagets Theory?,Strengths: Comprehensive model Confirmation from research of others Pattern and sequence appear cross-culturally Weaknesses: Stages are more gradual than discontinuous Und

8、erestimate infants competence Emergence of object permanence Deferred imitation Computational concepts,Counting in the Crib?,Information Processing,What Are Infants Tools for Processing Information?,Memory Neonates show memory for previously exposed stimuli By 12 months dramatic improvement in encod

9、ing and retrieval Rovee-Collier (1993) studies of infant memory Given a reminder (priming), improves memory,Investigating Infant Memory,What Are Infants Tools for Processing Information?,Imitation Deferred imitation as early as 6 months Neonates imitate adults who stick out their tongue Not present

10、in older infants likely reflexive Speculation on newborns ability to imitate Aids in caregiver infant bonding Mirror neurons,Figure 6.5,Imitation in Infants,Social Influences on Early Cognitive Development,Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory,Sociocultural theory emphasis on teaching and learning Zone

11、 of proximal development Examples: Adult naming things; reading a picture book Scaffolding Higher maternal scaffolding better results on second “child-only” task,Language Development,Prelinguistic Vocalizations,Prelinguistic vocalizations do not represent objects or events Examples of prelinguistic

12、vocalizations Crying Cooing vowel-like, linked to pleasant feelings Babbling combine vowels and consonants Intonation patterns of rising and falling melody,How Does Vocabulary Develop?,Receptive vocabulary outpaces expressive First word typically 11 to 13 months 3 or 4 months later 10 to 30 words Fi

13、rst words general nominal and specific nominal General (class nouns) and specific (proper nouns) Movement words represented in early speech 18 to 22 months - rapid increase from 50 to more than 300 words,How Do Infants Create Sentences?,Holophrases Single words used to express complex meanings Two w

14、ord sentences Telegraphic Speech 18 to 24 months telegraphic two word sentences begin Demonstrate syntax,Theories of Language Development,Environmental Theories - Learning Theories,Imitation Children learn from parental models Does not explain uttered phrases that have not been observed Reinforcemen

15、t Sounds of adults language are reinforced Foreign sounds become extinct Use of shaping Parents do not exclusively reinforce correct syntax,Environmental Theories -Infant-Directed Speech,Infant-directed speech Motherese Spoken more slowly, briefer sentences Simple syntax Key words are at end and spo

16、ken in higher pitch Add diminutive morpheme y to nouns Repeated sentences, reduplication Focus on naming and describing objects,Biological Theories -Nativist View,Innate factors cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways Psycholinguistic Theory Interaction between environmental

17、 influences and inborn tendency to acquire language,Biological Theories - Language Acquisition Device,The inborn “prewired” tendency to acquire a language Evidence for LAD Language Acquisition Devise (Chomsky) Universality of language abilities Regularity of early production of sounds, even among deaf children Invariant sequences of language development, regardless of language Inborn tendency primes nervous system to learn grammar,Biological Theories - Sensitive Perio