第二单元语法.ppt

1、Noun Clause,名词性从句,Noun Clause: Functions as a NOUN in a sentence.,Question: What is the function of a noun in a sentence? 名词在句中可以充当什么成分?,Point out the function of each noun in the following sentences: 1.The world loves nature. 2.Knowledge is power . 3.We Chinese are peace- loving.,subject,object,pre

2、dicative,subject,subject,apposition,predicative,What are noun clauses? His story is interesting. What he said is interesting. I heard his story. I heard what he said. I listen to his story. I listen to what he said. This is his story. This is what he said. The idea of going there is good. The idea t

3、hat we go there is good.,Subject clause Object clause Object clause after a preposition Predictive clause Appositive clause,什么叫名词性从句？,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses） 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,名词性从句 noun clause,主语从句 subject clause,宾语从句 obj

4、ect clause,表语从句 predicative clause,同位语从句 appositive clause,1. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分,1). That he will succeed is certain . 2) Whether he will go there is not known . 3) What he said is not true . 4) Where he hid the money is to be found out . 5) Whoever comes is welcome. 6) Its certain that he will succee

5、d .,7) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.,8)When theyll start the project has not been decided yet.,由 that 引导: 1. That we shall be late is certain. 2. _ is known to all. (地球是圆的) 3. _ is a pity. (你错过了这次机会) that 无意义, 后接一个完整的句子. that 不可省，不作成分,That the earth is round,That you mi

6、ssed the chance,考点一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 例: That we shall be late is certain. - Its certain that we shall be late. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. - 2. That you missed the chance is a pity. - 由连词 whether 和 if, 连接代词 what,who,which 和连接副词 when,where,why,how 等引导

7、.也 常常后置:,It is a pity that you missed the chance.,Its known to all that the earth is round.,It doesnt matter if/whether he is a foreigner. It is a question whether he is willing to come. It is unknown how she has reduced her weight in such a short time.,It 的用法： （形式主语） It possible/important/necessary

8、/clear that很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚 Its said/ reported that.据说/据报道 Its been announced/declared that.已经通知/宣布 It seems/appears/happens/occurs to. that显然、明显、 碰巧. Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑 Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知） / a common saying.（俗话说）,注意：主语从句中 ，谓语动词一般用单数 What引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定 What he needs

9、 _is_ that book. What he needs _are_ some books.,宾语从句,宾语从句：1.从句在句中充当宾语成分（ 可以作谓语动词、介词、形容词的宾语） 连词：that, whether，if （ that 常可省略） who, what, which, whoever, whatever, when where why how 1). They know that the habit will kill them. 2).It all depends on whether they will support us . 3) I am afraid that h

10、e didnt call me . 4).He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job . 5).I find it necessary that we should do the homework.,1. I cant decide _ dictionary I should buy. 2. I am very interested in _ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time. 3. I dont know _ or

11、 not he will agree to the plan. 4. He differed from his students in _ he devoted his spare time to reading. 5. Ill just say _ comes into my head.,which,how,whether,that,whatever,1).whether和if都可以引导宾语从句 a.当whether后紧跟or not时,不用if. eg: I dont know whether or not I will stay. b.介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. eg: I worr

12、y about whether I hurt her feeling. c.与to do 连用whether I dont know whether to go.,1).注意whether和if的使用区别,用if 或whether 填空,1. I dont know _ Ill be free tomorrow. 2. I dont know _ or not Ill be free tomorrow. 3. It depends on _ we will have enough money.,whether/if,whether,whether,that 与whether(if)的用法区别

13、whether (if）表示“是否”,而 that 却不表示任何含义。两者区别的原则是： that表示一种肯定的、明确的概念，而whether (if)表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。 【即学即练】 用that 和whether 来填空： 1.)I doubt _ he will keep his word 2.)I dont doubt _ he can do a good job 3.)Im sure _ he will be well-known as an artist before long 4.)Im not sure _ they can pass the college entr

14、ance examination next year,whether,that,that,whether,注意1：宾语从句的时态呼应,1）. 如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语 可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态. a .他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的. He believes _ . b .请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么. Please tell me _.,his dream will come true some day,what you were doing at this time yesterday,2）. 如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去的 某种时态,但从句表达的是客

15、观事实、真理、自然规 律等时，从句谓语通常用一般现在时。 他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。 He told me _ . 他说他已离开家乡十年了。 He told me _. 老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的。 The teacher told us _,he was preparing for the examination,he had been away from his hometown for ten years,light travels in a straight line.,注意点2：,it作形式宾语 如果宾语从句后面还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。常见动词有：f

16、eel, consider, believe, make, think, find等如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. He has made it clear that he will not give in. 【即学即练】 他应当改进他的发音，我们认为这是有必要的。 We consider _ necessary _ he should improve his pronunciation. 我认为他没通过驾驶考试，真是太遗憾了。 I think it _.,3.宾语从句的否定转移 在think, b

17、elieve, suppose, expect, guess, imagine等词后的宾语从句, 有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. I dont suppose he cares, _ _? (反意疑问句),4. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气 表示建议、命令、要求类的宾语从句 一坚持 insist 二命令 order, command 三建议 advise, suggest, propose, （recommend） 四要求 demand, require, r

18、equest, （desire ）ask 都用虚拟语气，常用“（ should ）+动词原形”, should可以省略。 Teachers recommend that parents should not allow their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. 【即学即练】 He demanded that his son _punished for the fight. A. not be B. be not C. isnt D. wasnt,5. 由疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，不能用一般疑问句

19、（倒装）语序。 你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？Could you tell me where he lives? ( T )Could you tell me where does he live? ( F ),2).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留 a.在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that 从句(真正宾语) 的句型中不省略. eg: We must make it clear that we mean what we say. I dont think it right that you leave home without telling your parents. b.由连词and连

20、接的两个由that引导 的宾语从句中,第二个that 不省略. eg: He told me（ that） he would come and that he would come on time.,3. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后. 作用：对主语进行解释说明。,连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不引导 表语从句) 连接代词：who / whom / whose / which / what 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because,The question is whether

21、we can rely on him. Thats because we were in need of money at that time . He looked as if he was going to cry . Thats why I was late .,1. The fact is _ she doesnt like pop music. 2. My trouble is _ I dont have enough experience. 3. The question is _ he will be present or not. 4. What troubled him wa

22、s _ he could get the money.,The predicative clause is also easy!,that,that,whether,whether /where /how,because, as if 也可引导表语从句: 1. He is absent today. Its _ he is seriously ill. 2. It looks _ its going to rain again. True or False: Her suggestion is that we will do it by turns. Her suggestion is tha

23、t we do it by turns.,because,as if,4 同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； problem ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.,同位语从句常用 that 引导或用连接副词when / where/why / how / whether,1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people . 2) Word came that Napoleon himself wa

24、s coming to inspect them .,3)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.,三、同位语从句的引导和辨别,1.同位语从句的格式：n.+ 连接词 + 从句2.能接同位语从句的名词有：fact、idea, news, information, order, belief, suggestion, advice等3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用 whether, what, when, where

25、等来引导同位语从句。,1. I have no idea _ he comes from.2. He cant answer the question _ he got the money.3.He gave us many suggestions _ we should get up earlier and take more exercise.4.I have no doubt _ he will win.5. I have some doubt _ he will win.,that/ whether / where/ how,where,how,that,that,whether,1.

26、Two thirds of all girls in Britain are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,2.The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night.,_,The fact that two thirds of all girls are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,_,We heard th

27、e news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China.,4.Time travel is possible./ There is no scientific proof for the idea.,5.Chinese students should be given more free time./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,3.Teenagers should not spend

28、 too much time online./ Many British parents hold the view.,_,Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online.,_,There is no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.,_,_,The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is we

29、lcomed by many people, especially kids in school.,名词性从句考点归纳,一、名词性从句的语序：陈述语序,(1) that 和whether/if引导的从句,She sensed something. A tall man in a dark coat was staring at her She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.,She wondered. Would the buses still be running? She wondered if

30、/whether the buses would still be running.,(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句也要求使用陈述句 语序，不能用一般疑问句（倒装）语序。,他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( ),你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？Could you tell me where he lives? ( )Could you tell me where does he live? ( ),F,T,T,F,注 意：,在表语从句中

31、，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。引导多个并列宾语从句时，引导第一个宾语从句“that”可以省 It is /was because . 这是因为 It is /was why. 这就是为什么 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that. 4 The reason is because /why,that .,另外，在名词性从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：,填空:1.The reason _ we didnt trust him is _ he has often lied 2.The reason _

32、he gave for his absence is _ he was ill.,reason 后面的表语从句只能用that 引导, 不能用why 引导, 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why 或者that 引导。,引导名词从句的关联词。,分析下列宾语从句中的连词,I dont doubt （that ）you will succeed. I dont know whether/if he will come tonight. I doubt if /whether you will keep your promise.,3个句子中的连词that, whether, if （是否）在名词性

33、从句中只起连接作用，在句中不担任成分,被称为连接词 注意：a. that 本身无意义，在宾语从句中可以省略，但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略。 B. whether 和if有是否的意义，在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换。但whether 可以用于所有的四种名词性从句，而if 仅可以用于宾语从句。,连接词,Choose the correct sentence from each pair:,He said (that) he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand. He said (that) he couldnt

34、 tell you right away and you wouldnt understand. Just then I noticed, for the first time, our master was wearing his fine green coat. Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat.,I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. I must never tell a

35、nyone I could not see the cloth. We think it important that we study hard. We think it important we study hard.,Whether he will accept your offer, I dont know. If he will accept your offer, I dont know. I think that he will not appear. I dont think that he will appear.,I wish I saw you yesterday. I

36、wish I had seen you yesterday. The doctor suggested that she rests for a few days. The doctor suggested that she rest for a few days.,考点二: 虚拟语气 subjunctive mood. Its high/about time that I leave. Its high/about time that I left. It is demanded that he (should) leave at once. It is demanded that he l

37、eft at once.,Whether she comes or not doesnt concern me. If she comes or not doesnt concern me. When and where we will go are still not known. When and where we will go is still not known.,1.It now appears _ they are in need of help. A. that B. which C. what D. how 2.It is good news _ they will arrive in a few days. A. which B. what C. that D. how 3.It _ Joe driv