动词时态和语态.ppt

1、语法复习,动词时态和语态 2012.10.14,时态和语态的主要考点 1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时 态为：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进 行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进 行、过去将来等。 2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态；主从 句时态呼应问题。 3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。 4、及物动词的被动语态。 5、系动词的用法特点。 6、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。,16种时态,study/ studies,am（is,are） studying,have(has) studied,have(has) been studying,st

2、udied,was(were) studying,had studied,had been studying,will(shall) study,will (shall)be studying,will (shall) have studied,will (shall) have been studying,would (should) study,would (should) be studying,would (should) have studied,would (should) have been studying,一.一般现在时态： 1.一般用法: 1表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作,常

3、与表示频度的时间状语连用. 时间状语: every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。 e.g. He often goes to the cinema. 2表示现在的能力、特征、职业等 , e.g. He sings well.（能力） 3表示客观真理、科学事实 、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实 , e.g. Knowledge is power. （客观真理）,2.特别用法: 1主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g. Ill write to her when I have time,2让步状语从句和方式状语从句用一般现

4、在时表将来,e.g. Whether you help him or not, he will fail. Next time Ill do as he says. 3表示按规定、时间表 、计划或安排要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,e.g. The train leaves at 12:00.,二.现在进行时（ bev-ing ）: 1. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。e.g. Were having a meeting. （说话时正在进行的动作） 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 He is teaching in a scho

5、ol. （目前这个阶段正在进行的动作） 3. 现在进行时表示将来, 表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g. Im leaving tomorrow.,4.现在进行时与always/forever/constantly / continuously等连用,表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,e.g. Shes always helping others. 5.动词be的现在进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g. She is foolish.（生性如此） She is being foolish.（一时的表现） 能这样用的形容词多为angry, careful, clever, stup

6、id, kind, brave, friendly, rude, polite等动态形容词。,不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态,情感的动词，如know, realize, think, see, believe, suppose, imag

7、ine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如： I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, sme

8、ll, feel, taste, 等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。,三.现在完成时（have/hasp.p.） 1.基本用法: 1影响性用法:表示一个动作发生在过去,已经完成,且对现在造成影响或结果, e.g. He has left the city.（结果:他不在这个城市） Someone has broken the window.（结果: 窗户仍破着） 2持续性用法:表示一个动作从过去持续到现在,且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束,e.g. We have been busy this afternoon.,2.用现在完成时的典型场合: 1“

9、since过去时间”或“since接that从句（从句中用一般过去时）”则句中用现在完成时,e.g. I havent seen her since last week. Where have you been since I last saw you? 2句中有so far/in （for/during）the past （last）years（months ）/up to now/until now e.g. So far there has been no news. 3“It/This/That is the first （second/third）timethat从句” 或“It/T

10、his/That is the onlythat从句” 或“It/This/That is the 最高级 that从句” e.g.,It/This/That is the first time that I have come to Zhejiang. It/This/That is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life. It/This/That is the most interesting book that I have ever read. （注:以上句型把is改为was,则从句时态相应改为过去完成时态）

11、,3.现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别: 1)现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果,而一般过去时态强调这一个动作发生的时间是过去。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共

12、同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等,e.g. Ive lived here for ten years. （现在仍住在这儿 ） I lived here for ten years. （现在不住在这儿 ） He has bought a house. （现在已拥有这房子） He bought a house. （现在拥不拥有这房子,不知道,只是知道买了房子,现在可能拥有也可能卖掉了）,四.现在完成进行时（have/has been v-ing） 1.一般用法:表示现在以前一段时间里

13、一直在进行的动作, 这一动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止,e.g. It has been raining since two days ago.,-Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? -Yes, thats why I _ to work by train. have been going have gone was going to will have gone,现在时态 高考题点击： Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific,

14、 and we met no storms. （05辽宁卷） Awas called Bis called Chad been called Dhas been called,B,说明：本题的干扰源为上下文的过去时，但“被称为太平洋”是客观现状，只能用一般现在时。,2. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. (2001 N) A. will play B. have played C. played D. play,说明：常识告诉我们，一个人一旦获得某种技能，一般是不会在短期内失去

15、的，所以需用一般现在时。,D,3. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. （05湖南卷） A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning,说明：自从我赢了大奖，人们不停地打电话来问我将怎样使用这笔钱。此处的 are phoning 表示“不停的打电话”。,D,4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use

16、is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly. (2001 N) A. is changingB. has changed C. will have changedD. will change,A,说明：选择移动电话难的原因是由于科技正在飞速发展，所以要用现在进行时；况且进行时态常给人一种情感上的描述，表示说话者的一种“感慨、赞赏、愤怒、斥责”等。,5. _ my sister three times today but her line was always busy. （05北京春季） A. Id phoned B. Ive been ph

17、oning C. Ive phoned D. I was phoning,说明：此题的干扰源是后面的 was busy。今天打了三次电话是用来表示结果的，只能用现在完成时；而每次她都占线是表示过去的动作，所以用一般过去时。,C,6. - You havent been to Beijing, have you? - _. How I wish to go there! (98 N) A. Yes, I haveB. Yes, I havent C. No, I haveD. No, I havent,D,说明：从补充的句子 “How I wish to go there!”可知“我”没到过北京

18、。,7. - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. - I am tired. I _ the living room all day. (98 N) A. paintedB. had painted C. have been paintingD. have painted,说明：这句话的意思是“我一整天都在刷起居室”，现在完成进行时表示从过去开始的一个动作一直持续到现在，而且还在进行当中。强调的是“一直在做”。,C,8. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_ going back to school, but she hasnt decide

19、d yet. （04北京） A had consideredB has been considering C consideredD is going to consider,说明：她“一直在考虑返校”是现在完成进行时，“还没作决定”是现在的结果。,B,用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late. 注意比较 Its

20、time that 结构： It is high time that we went to school.,2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。,典型例题(1) - Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. hav

21、e been C. came D. am coming (2) - Have you _ been to our town before? - No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost

22、 a month.,B,D,五.一般过去时态（did式）: 1.基本用法: 1表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等 He bought the computer five years ago. 2) 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g. We often played together when we were children. 注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would, used to, e.g. He used to go to work by bus.,2.特别

23、用法: 过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气: 1) 动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等: I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2) 情态动词 could, would。 e.g. Could you lend me your bike? 能借用一下你的自行车吗？,六.过去进行时（was/were v-ing ） 1. 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作, He was playing while I was studying.,-Hey, look where you are going! -Oh, Im terri

24、bly sorry._. A. Im not noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent notice D. I dont notice,七.过去完成时（had p.p.） 1.表示过去的过去 时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once e.g. I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是“过去的过去”。 2.want /think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时不定式的一

25、般式（等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式）,表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等e.g. I had meant to come, but something happened.（ I meant to have come, but something happened. ） I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didnt permit. （ I intended to have spoken at the meeting, but time didnt permit. ）,3.一些特殊句型中的过去完成时: 1“It/Thi

26、s/That was the first （second/third）timethat从句”或“It/This/That was the onlythat从句”或“It/This/That was the 最高级 that从句” 2by（ the end of ) / by the time 过去时间, e.g. We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term. By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine. 3no sooner than ; hardly /scarcely w

27、hen No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went to play with his classmates. Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.,2、过去时 高考题点击： 1. - Nancy is not coming tonight. - But she _! (98 N) A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised,说明：Nancy 答应要来这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺。,B,2. My unc

28、le _ until he was forty-five. (2000 上海) A. married B. didnt marry C. was not marrying D. would marry,B,说明：until 用在肯定句中时，主句的动词必须是延续性动词，表示该动作一直持续到 until 后的时间为止；短暂性动词只能用在否定句中，表示直到此时该动作才开始。本题中 marry 是短暂性动词，所以只能用在否定句中。,3. - You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? (N2002) - Im so

29、rry I _ anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you. A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say,说明：本题的干扰源来自上下文中的时态，上文用的是现在完成时，下文用的是一般现在时，所以有些人就误以为此处该用现在时态了。但根据说话人的意思不难发现，没有说出自己的评价是在这段对话以前的事了，所以要用一般过去时。,D,4. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. (95 N) A. read/was falli

30、ng B. was reading /fell C. was reading /was falling D. read fell,说明：一般来说在复合句中的两个动作，延续性的动作大都用进行时，短暂性的动词用一般时，表示在某个动作进行的过程当中另一个动作发生了。,B,5. The manager had fallen asleep where he _, without undressing. （05安徽卷） A. was laying B. was lying C. had laid D. had lied,B,说明：该题的意思为“经理躺在那儿睡着了，衣服也没脱”。“躺”是一个不及物动词，其过

31、去式和过去分词为“lay; lain”。lay 是及物动词，过去式和过去分词为 laid；lied 是“说谎”的过去式和过去分词。,6. The little girl _ her heart out because she _ her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find it. (02 北京) A. had cried, lost B. cried, had lost C. has cried, has lost D. cries, has lost,说明：哭得伤心发生在过去，而丢玩具熊发生在哭之前。两个发生在过去的动作，之前

32、发生的用过去完成时，之后发生的用一般过去时。,B,7. Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. Oh! I thought they _ without me. (05江西卷) Awent Bare going Chave gone Dhad gone,D,说明：“他没叫我就走了”这个动作明显发生在“我认为”之前。所以必须用过去完成时。,八.一般将来时（will/shalldo）: 1.will表示没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的时候才决定做某事,e.g. -You forget to close the d

33、oor. -Oh, Ill close it at once. will表意愿 Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.,2. be going to +不定式，表示将来。 主语的意图，即将做某事。 e.g. What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 e.g. The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

34、c. 有迹象要发生的事。 e.g. Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。,3. be +不定式表将来，按计划或安排将发生的事; 命中注定的事; 命令。 e.g. We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4. be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 e.g. He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next w

35、eek 等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。 5. be due to与时间表,旅行计划等有关。 e.g. The train is due to leave at 7:00.,九.将来进行时（will/shallbe v-ing） 1.基本用法:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,e.g. When I get home at 9:00 tomorrow, my son will be watching TV.,-Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? -Yes, thats why I _ to work by train. have been going h

36、ave gone was going to will have gone,十.将来完成时（will/shallhave p.p.） 1.表示到将来某一时间为止会完成的动作,e.g. When we get there, shell have gone to work. 2.by（ the end of ）将来时间, e.g. We will have learnt 3,000 words by the end of next term. By the time he comes back, we will have repaired the machine. 3.与用一般现在时态表示将来一样,

37、时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用现在完成时表将来,e.g. Ill go with you when I have finished my work.等我完成工作以后我就同你去。,3、将来时 高考题点击： 1. If a man _ succeed, he must work as hard as he can. (95 上海) A. will B. is to C. is going to D. should,说明：此句的意思为“如果一个人想要成功，就必须尽力而为”。If 引导的是条件状语从句，不能用将来时。而 be to 结构虽然表示将来的动作，但它不属于将来时。,B,2. - Youve

38、left the light on. - Oh, so I have. _ and turn it off. (2000 N) A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going,A,说明：本句的重点是“并行结构”，关键是看后面的 turn，所以B、C、D、都不符合。,3. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _for London to attend a meeting. (05天津卷) A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left,C,说明：by the time 表

39、示“到为止”“在之前”，如果主句的动作发生在过去，一般需要用过去完成时；如果是将来，就需用将来完成时。,4. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon. (93 N) A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left,说明：that 引导的宾语从句中的动作“离职”应该发生在“were surprised” 之后，故需用过去将来时。,B,4、状语从句中的时态问题 高考题点击： 1. - Can I join the club, Dad? - You can when

40、you _ a bit older. (94 N) A. get B. will get C. are getting D. will have got,说明：时间状语从句中没有将来时，需用一般现在时替代一般将来时。,A,2. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _. (2001上海) A. have survivedB. are to survive C. would surviveD. will survive,B,说明：条件状语从句中不用将来时，但 be to 结构不属于将来时态形式。,3. H

41、e will have learned English for eight years by the time he _ from the university next year. (2002上海) A. will graduateB. will have graduated C. graduates D. is to graduate,说明：by the time 引导的是时间状语从句，故不能使用将来时。D选项虽可考虑，但 be to 结构大多用来表示“义务、决定、职责、约定”等，与句意不合。,C,4. It _ long before we _ the result of the exp

42、eriment. (2002上海春季) A. will not be, will know B. is, will know C. will not be, know D. is, know,C,说明：before 引导的是时间状语从句，无将来时，而主句应该用将来时。,动词的语态,语态,语态 被动语态的构成方式：be/ get + 过去分词 注意1. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long(by the boss) 2. 短语

43、动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。 Your pronunciation should be paid attention to. 3. 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式:（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用从句来表示。如： He is said to be a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy.,.,不用被动语态的情况 1. 不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态。 例如： （错）

44、The price has been risen. （对） The price has risen. （错） The price has raised. （对） The price has been raised. （错） Please seat. （对） Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。 2. 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：

45、It sounds good. 听上去不错。,主动形式表示被动意义 1.表示主语特征、状态的动词wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如： The book sells well.这本书销路好。 2.be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。例如： I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生 了，我该受指责。 3.在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后 例

46、如： The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。,4. 在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isnt fit to drink. The girl isnt easy to get along with. 5. 用来做定语和被修饰的名词有动宾关系，又和另一名词或代词有主谓关系的动词不定式。 I have something to tell you.,高考题点击： 1. I need one more stamp befo

47、re my collection _. (94 N) A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed,说明：集邮册只能被完成，且在 before 从句中没有将来时，故只能选D。,D,2. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.(98 N) A. payB. paying C. paid D. to pay,C,说明：该句的意思为“在大城市中清洁女工的工资通常是按小时支付的。”很明显该用被动语态。,3. Books of this kin

48、d _ well. (99 上海) A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold,说明：sell 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，当用作“销售情况如何”时，sell 为不及物动词，故没有被动语态。 类似的词还有：wash, translate, write 等。,A,4. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. (01 北京春) A. lose B. will be lost C. are lostD. will lose,B,说明：lose job 为“失业”，job 只能被失去，且动作应该发生在将来。,5. A

49、new cinema _ here. They hope to finish it next month. (2001 北京春季) A. will be builtB. is built C. has been builtD. is being built,说明：从后句可知电影院应该正在修建。需要注意的是现在进行时态的被动语态的动词形式。,D,6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.(2001上海) A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. w

50、ould be designed,说明：by the end of 短语一般都与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。,B,7. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake. (2002 北京春季) A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing,说明：不要被前面使用的现在时所蒙蔽，在地震中抢救小孩并献身的动作只能在过去。,C,8. I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoile

51、d child. (2002上海) A. is to blameB. is going to blame C. is to be blamedD. should blame,A,说明：be to blame 是固定结构，不能用被动语态。该句是一个强调句型。,9. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. (2002上海春季) A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut,说明：该句

52、的意思为“雨林正在以如此快的速度被砍伐和烧毁以至于在不久的将来它们就会消失。”从语境中可以看出应该使用现在进行时。,C,1.Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People_to ask how I am going to spend the money. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 2.-Im sorry, but you are fined $50! You know you_ 120 km an hour, dont you

53、? A. are driving B. were driving C. have driven D. had driven,D,B,3. They_ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ on it as no good results have come out so far. A. had been working, are still working B. had worked, were still working C. have been working, have worked D

54、. have worked, are still working,A,4. -You are drinking too much . -Only at home . No one _ me but you . is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. saw 5. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power_increased enormously ever since. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been 6.Who is Jerry Cooper? -

55、_ ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yet C. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet,c,C,D,7. By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _ for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left 8. The crazy fa

56、ns_patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived. A. were waiting B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait 9. -I hear Janes has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. -Oh, how nice！Do you know when she_ ? A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left,C,B,D,10. I

57、dont know if he _.If he _, Ill let you know. A. will come; will come B. comes ; comes C.will come ; comes D. comes ; will come 11. -Kate has come back home from her long holidays abroad. -Oh, really ?I_ . _ visit her. A.didnt know; Ill go and B.dont know; Ill go and C.dont know ; I,m going to D.didn

58、t know; I m going to,C,A,12.I really dont think ketty will mind it,but youd better go and see her in case she _. A.does B.do C.will mind D. has minded 13.-How are the team playing? -They are playing well ,but one of them _hurt. A. got B.gets C.are D.were 14.Dont disturb her. She _ letters all the morning and has finished eight. A. was writing B. has written