厦大 规模经济、不完全竞争和国际贸易.ppt

1、CHAPTER 6ECONOMICS OF SCALE,IMPERFECT COMPETITION,AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE,The Imitation Lag Hypothesis,The Imitation Lag Hypothesis Michael V. Posner(1961) Imitation lag-demand lag=net lag The Product Cycle Theory Michael V. Posner(1966) A typical “new product”(F2) Dynamic comparative advantage Test

2、: there should be a positive correlation between R&D expenditures and successful export performance by industry. Dinopoulos, Oehmker and Segerstrom(1993),The trade pattern in the Product Cycle Theory,time,Production,consumption of product,production,consumption,New product stage,Maturing product sta

3、ge,Standardized product stage,Exports,Imports,The Linder Theory,Staffan Burenstam Linder(1961) Demand-oriented Overlapping demand International trade in manufactured goods will be more intense between countries with similar per capita income levels than between countries with dissimilar per capita i

4、ncome levels. Tests: the greater the difference between the per capita incomes of country and its trading partner, the less intensely the two countries will trade with each other.,Overlapping Demands in the Linder Model,Income levels,Goods,A,B,H,G,F,E,D,C,I,Country 1s income,Country 1s demand and pr

5、oduction,Country 2s demand and production,Country 2s income,The Kemp Model,Murray C. Kemp(1964) Economies of scale (external economies) and a convex PPF A multitude of trading possibilities,X,Y,A Convex-to-the-Origin PPF,X,Y,PX/PY,E,G,N,M,The Convex PPF and Different Possible TOT,X,Y,PX/PY,E,F,M,N,T

6、OT1,TOT2,TOT3,The existence of economies of scale generates considerable uncertainty concerning the production and trade pattern.,Q,P,C,D,ACSWISS,QS,PS,ACCHINA,QC,QC,External Economics and Specialization,The Krugman Model,Paul Krugman(1979) Economies of scale( internal to the firm) and monopolistic

7、competition,Average Versus Marginal Cost,monopoly,QM,P,D=AR,MR,MC,PM,AC,Monopolistic competition,Q,P,DToyota,D,MR,MC,N,P,C,CC,PP,N1,N0,Equilibrium in a Monopolistically Competitive Market,N,P,C,CC,PP,N0,Effects of a Larger Market,N1,Equilibrium in the Automobile Market,Trade in a World Without Incre

8、asing Returns,Trade With Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition,Other Post-H-O theories,Reciprocal dumping model Brander and Krugman(1983) Duopoly market Trade in a homogeneous product Positive welfare aspect: pro-competitive effect Negative welfare aspect: waste,Dumping,Q,P,D,DF=MRF,MR,MC,QT,QD,QF,PF,PD,Intra-Industry Trade,Reasons for IIT in Product Category Product differentiation Transport costs and geographical location Dynamic economies of scale Degree of product aggregation Dif