08-Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Languages.ppt

1、,Darwins theories still provoke opposition. One hundred and forty years after The Origin of Species, backers of creationism have made a comeback in states like Kansas, pushing evolution out of the schoolroom. Yet Darwinism remains one of the most successful scientific theories ever promulgated. Ther

2、e is hardly an element of humanity that can be fully understood without its help.,达尔文的理论至今仍有争议。就在物种起源发表140年后，神创论的支持者在美国堪萨斯州东山再起，力图将进化论赶出课堂。尽管如此，达尔文主义仍然是迄今为止科学理论传播的最成功的范例之一。人性的种种表现无不因进化论得到充分的解释而获得世人的理解。,Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese Languages,History Phonology Morphology Lexicon Semantic

3、s Syntax Way of thinking,1. History,Chinese English Sino-Tibetan family Indo-European family Ancient Chinese latter-day Old EnglishMid E Chinese Modern Chinese Modern English,2. phonology,离离原上草， 一岁一枯荣。 野火烧不尽， 春风吹又生。,Break, break, break, On the cold gray stones,O sea! back,3. morphology,3.1 compariso

4、n of general features Chinese English Ideographic scrip Phonographic scrip (morphemic) (phonetic) conceptcharacter concept-sound-character Self-explanatory non-self-explanatory Analytic synthetic-analytic,Analytic vs. synthetic-analytic,An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent

5、use of function words, auxiliary verbs and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.Chinese eg. 学习政治；政治学习 Synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. Latin, German, Old English

6、 Modern English is synthetic-analytic.,我给他一本书。 I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。 His father often gives him books.,New factories are being built all over the country. 全国到处都在兴建新工厂。 Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. (由于）受到了这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制定

7、了一个更大胆的计划。,3.2 comparison of Word-formation,Chinese English Affixation 比例大 Compounding 比例大 复合介词、代词 短语句子型复合词 Abbreviation 标数式 首字母缩略词 Reduplication 多 少 Conversion 兼词 多 Blending Backformation ,Affixation (derivation）,Chinese English Affix 少，多为后缀(多表人) 丰富 构词能力弱 添加灵活，可层层叠加 词义单一 一缀多义 一缀多性,英语构词以加缀法为代表呈核心扩散状

8、,internationalize internationalist internationality international internationalism internationally international nation nationhood nationally national nationalize nationality nationalism nationalizer nationalist nationalistic nationalistically,汉语构词法是以复合法为代表呈平面扩展状,柳树 willow 泡桐数 paulowmia 枞树 fir 榆树 el

9、m 松树 pine 橡树 oak 榕树 bania 桑树 mulberry 槐树 scholartree 杨树 poplar 山茶树 camellia 柏树 cypress bus car truck taxi ambulance jeep fire engine roadster trailer road-sprinkler (单排座位的)敞篷车 拖车(挂车) 撒水车,短语句子型复合词,a six-year-old boy, the end-of-year exam, the department-sponsored evening, seeking-truth-from-facts spi

10、rit, heart-to-heart talk, hand-in-hand walk, a never-to-be-forgotten experience, in the not-so-distant past The boy wore an if-only-I-had-gun expression.,Abbreviation,exam，lab，pub，flu，phone ET(extraterrestrial); 地铁，责编，科研，高校，亚运会，语（言文字应）用（研究）所 English acronyms:CD, radar, DINK, EU, IOC(International Ol

11、ympic Committee), WTO, VOA, IMF（International Monetary Fund） “标数式”缩略词 :“三通”，“四书五经”，“四化”，“五讲四美”,“四书五经”,“Four Books and Five Classics” “The Great Learning(大学)、The Doctrine of the Mean(中庸)、The Analects of Confucius(论语)、Mencius（孟子）and The Book of Songs（诗经）、The Book of History（书经）、The Book of Rites（礼记）、T

12、he Book of Changes(易经)、The Spring and Autumn Annals(春秋)”,reduplication,Reduplication is very productive in Chinese language, but it is rarely used in English. Eg. tick-tick, hoo-hoo, crack-crack, hush-hush, chit-chat,flip-flop. 在英译汉时往往可以用汉语的叠音叠字或四字词组等方式来翻译，保持原文的音韵和谐，节奏明快，表达生动活泼的特点。 而汉译英时，尽管也可用英语的叠音词

13、、成对词来翻译，但有时候在英语中找不到对应的形式，所以更多的时候采用意译的方法，舍弃汉语重音韵的特点。,The boy hoo-hooed when he skinned his knee. 那男孩儿擦破了膝盖，抽抽搭搭哭了起来. Everything was heaped higgledy-piggledy on the luggage racks. 行李架上东西堆得乱七八糟。 现在我的衣服干干净净，但过去我爷爷却穿得。破破烂烂 My clothes are neat and clean, but my grandpas were worn and torn. 他退休以后，平常看看书，下下棋

14、，和老朋友聊聊天，倒也不寂寞。 He didnt feel lost after retirement doing some reading, playing chess, and having chats with old fellows all these filled up his time.,4. lexicon,4.1 Division of part of speech Chinese English n., v., a., adv., pron., prep., conj., interjection no article article 量词 ,4.2 Usage of dif

15、ferent word class,Chinese English Using more v. Using more n. the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and the unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. I have sought love, first, because it brings great happiness. Next, because it relieves loneliness. I have sought it, finally, because i

16、n the union of love I have seen the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at least I have found.,有三种简单然而无比强烈的激情左右了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的探索和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情象飓风，无处不在、反复无常地吹拂着我，吹过深重的苦海，濒于绝境。我寻找爱，首先是因为它使

17、人心醉神迷，这种陶醉是如此的美妙，使我愿意牺牲所有的余生去换取几个小时这样的欣喜。我寻找爱，还因为它解除孤独，在可怕的孤独中，一颗颤抖的灵魂从世界的边缘看到冰冷、无底、死寂的深渊。最后，我寻找爱，还因为在爱的交融中，神秘而又具体而微地，我看到了圣贤和诗人们想象出的天堂的前景。这就是我所寻找的，而且，虽然对人生来说似乎过于美妙，这也是我终于找到了的。,With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the sta

18、rs shine A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. Love and knowledge, can lead us upward the heavens. But pity always has brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children living in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people, a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. This has been my life. I have found it worth living. And I would gladly live it again if the c