澳洲社会与文化.ppt

1、THE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL LIFE OF AUSTRALIA,GENERAL INTRODUCTION POLITICS ECONOMY EDUCATION MULTICULTURALISM CULTURE AND ART MEDIA HEALTH SOCIAL SERVICES,Land, people and history,Australia is the worlds smallest continent and largest island, a relatively young nation established in an ancient land. Au

2、stralia has a land area of 7,682,320 km2 and its coastline is 36,735 km long. It is the worlds driest inhabited continent; vast areas are arid or semi-desert, and virtually uninhabited.,There are rainforests and vast plains in the north, snowfields in the south-east, desert in the center and fertile

3、 croplands in the east, south and south-west. Australia is a multicultural society with about a quarter of the population foreign-born. The population has more than doubled since 1945-largely due to a vigorous migration program.,Now it is about 17 million or about 2 people the square kilometer. Abou

4、t 75 percent of Australians say they are Christians. Many non-Christian faiths are followed, including Judaism, Buddhism, Buddhism and Islam. The official language is English-by usage, not law. January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in 1788, is Australias national day

5、.,The political life,Australias political institution and practices follow the Western democratic tradition, reflecting the British and North American experience. Broadly, the Australia federation has a three-tier system of government: At the national level, there are the Australian Parliament and g

6、overnment. They are responsible for national affairs.,In the second tire are the state governments and their legislatures, which complement the responsibilities of the national government. In the third tier are the local government bodies at the city, town and shire level.,International Relations: R

7、elationships with Britain and the rest of Europe, and the US, forged by history, are important factors in Australian policy. However, its growing awareness of the importance of the politically, economically and strategically significant countries of Asia and the many newly independent nations of the

8、 South Pacific has led Australia to intensify its friendly and cooperative relations with them.,Australia is keen to ensure the stability and security of the region and to develop mutually profitable trade, investment, technological exchanges and cooperation in development.,The Govern-General: The G

9、overn-General is selected by the queen on the advice of the Australian government and represents the queen as the head of state. The responsibility of the Govern-General is to summon, prorogue and dissolve parliament, assent to legislation, appoint ministers and judges on the advice of the governmen

10、t.,Public Servant: A public servant is a permanent officer of the public service. Most of the public servants are recruited through open competition. They are promoted on the basis of good performance. A career public servant is usually the head of a department of the public service and is responsib

11、le to the minister who is in turn responsible to the parliament.,Economy,Introduction: Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy, with a per capitaGDP on par with the four dominant West European economies. Rising output in the domestic economy has been offsetting the global slump, a

12、nd business and consumer confidence remains robust.,Australias emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key factors behind the economys strength. The impact of drought, weak foreign demand, and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up to $14 billion in 2003 a

13、nd to $11 billion in 2004 from $5 billion in 2002. One other concern is the domestic housing bubble.,Changes in the pattern of Australian international trade The changes in the pattern of Australian international trade can be summed up as the following: A. The rural sectors share of total exports ha

14、s declined from 75 percent to about 30 percent while the share of the minerals, fuels and metals sector has risen to 50 percent.,B. Japan has become an important trading partner and Britain importance as a trading partner has decreased. C. Australia is able to produce a wider range of products and i

15、ts export market has expanded into the western Pacific region. D. Asias share of the export market of Australias manufactured goods grows steadily recently.,Australias import pattern As a developed country, Australias import pattern is different from that of other developed countries. It imports lit

16、tle food and raw materials, but comparatively a lot of capital equipment. Two-fifths of its imports are from the United States and Japan. Britains share has declined from 40 percent in the late 1950s to about five percent today.,Australian education is administered by state governments and supervise

17、d by the Federal government. Australias quality assurances are based on national legislation and therefore the qualifications are internationally recognized.,Australian educational institutions provide a wide variety of programs including primary and secondary schools, certificate, diploma, foundati

18、on, university degree and English language.,The Australian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA) is an independent, national quality assurance body that will audit the key activities of teaching, learning, research and management in Australian universities on a five-year cycle beginning in 2001.,Nobel

19、Prize Winners Australian universities are leading producers of new and critical ideas, and are major participants in international research projects and initiatives. Australia has produced seven Nobel Prize Laureates in natural and medical sciences and one for literature.,Primary and Secondary Schoo

20、l 12 years of education The schools are either public or private. Grade 1 to Grade 6 in Primary school Year 7 to Year 12 in secondary school Year 11 and Year 12 are the senior secondary studies to gain university entry or vocational education and training qualifications.,University Australia has clo

21、se to 40 universities offering bachelor, graduate certificate/ diploma, master and doctoral programs.,the Group of Eight (Go8) : Representing leading universities with international standings. Receiving over 70% of Australias competitive research grants and conduct over 60% of all Australian univers

22、ity research. They are all ranked in the top 100 world universities.,Group of Eight Universities The University of Adelaide The Australian National University The University of Melbourne Monash University The University of New South Wales The University of Queensland The University of Sydney The Uni

23、versity of Western Australia,Sydney University,Sydney University,University of Melbourne,University of Melbourne,Vocational Education and Training The courses are provided by both the public institutions called TAFE ( Technical And Further Education) Institutes, private colleges and English language

24、 centres. They deliver training that is practical and career-oriented. Courses offered are English language, foundation program, certificate and diploma.,Diploma courses: including information technology, business and management, marketing and communications, health science, design and the arts, tel

25、evision production and media, environmental studies and land management, sport and recreation, engineering and building, and hospitality and tourism.,Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is a term that describes the cultural and ethnic diversity of contemporary Australia. It recognises that Australia i

26、s, and will remain, a culturally diverse country, which seeks to ensure this diversity is a positive force in the society.,Until World War II, Australians were predominately of British and Irish descent. However, large immigrations from Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, Lebanon and Turkey followed the war,

27、 and more recently immigrants from Asia. There are also about 230 000 Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia.,In 1989, the Commonwealth Government endorsed the principles of the National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia. The three key points of the multicultural policy were:,cultura

28、l identity - the right of all Australians, within carefully defined limits, to express and share their individual cultural heritage, including their language and religion,social justice - the right of all Australians to equality of treatment and opportunity, and the removal of barriers of race, ethn

29、icity, culture, religion, language, disability, gender or place of birth,economic efficiency - the need to maintain, develop and use effectively the skills and talents of all Australians, regardless of background.,These principles apply equally to all Australians, whether they come from an Indigenou

30、s, Anglo-Celtic or non-English speaking background, or whether they were born in Australia or overseas.,Australian multicultural policies are based on the premise that: all Australians should have an overriding and unifying commitment to Australia, to its interests and future, first and foremost.,al

31、l Australians are required to accept the basic structures and principles of Australian society - the Constitution and the rule of law, tolerance and equality, Parliamentary democracy, freedom of speech and religion, English as the national language and equality of the sexes.,that the right to expres

32、s ones own culture and beliefs involves a reciprocal responsibility to accept the right of others to express their views and values.,CULTURE Libraries: the National Library of Australia, the Library of New South Wales, the State Library of Victoria,The National Library of Australia in Canberra serve

33、s as the library of the nation, the library of the federal parliament, and the national copyright-depository library. In the early 1990s its holdings exceeded 4.5 million volumes.,Australian National Library,The State Library of New South Wales (1826) is the oldest and largest of the state public li

34、braries. The State Library of Victoria (1854) includes collections on painting, music, and the performing arts.,Each state parliament is served by a library, and important research collections are maintained at the various university libraries.,Museums: Australia has a variety of museums. The Austra

35、lian Museum (founded 1827), in Sydney, features notable natural history and anthropology collections. The National Maritime Museum (1985) is also in Sydney.,Australian Museum,Australian National Museum,Melbournes Botanic Gardens,ART GALLERIES: The National Gallery of Victoria (1859) in Melbourne The

36、 Art Gallery of New South Wales (1874) in Sydney The Queensland Art Gallery (1895) in Brisbane, The Art Gallery of South Australia (1881) in Adelaide The Art Gallery of Western Australia (1895) in Perth.,The National Gallery of Victoria,Literature Australias Aborigines had a rich oral tradition. It

37、included not only sacred mythology, but also ordinary tales and stories.,Henry Kendall: the first lyric poet, writing of the gentler aspects of the Australia landscape. Henry Lawson: Some of the early traditions of Australian writing were born of the work of Henry Lawson. His poems and ballads had w

38、ide popular appeal. His short stories most clearly depicted the Australians relationship with its enviroment.,The best -known writer is Patrick White.,Patrick Whites greatest works: The Tree of Man is the epic story of a doomed attempt to cross the Australian continent in 1845. It has been compared

39、to the works of Thomas Hardy and Leo Tolsoy, Voss, Riders in the Chariot, set in the imaginary town of Sasparilla which became the setting of several of Whites novels and short stories. Both of the two novels received the Miles Franklin Award.,In 1973, Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize for L

40、iterature for his realistic portrayal of Australian life in novels such as The Eye of the Storm. He died in 1990 after a long illness.,Paintings Long before the arrival of Europeans, the Aborigines had developed unique and highly distinctive art forms, usually associated with sacred ritual. Sand, ro

41、ck, and cave painting and the carving of wood and other materials were widespread.,The 1880s bore the first generation of white Australian artists likeTom Roberts, Frederick McCubbin, and Sir Arthur Streeton. They captured the unique Australian scenery, its light, and atmospheric colour.,Painters of

42、 the 20th century: Sir William Dobell, known for his portraits; Sir George Russell Drysdale, noted for depictions of the isolated inhabitants of the interior of the country; Frederick Ronald Williams, whose landscapes and seascapes were notable for their quality of light.,Music: The oldest music in

43、Australia is that of the Aborigines. Music plays a central role in both their social and sacred life.,corroborees,The history of European-based music in Australia began with the British settlers of the country. Today, each major city has a symphony orchestra, affiliated with the Australian Broadcast

44、ing Corporation.,Australia has made notable contributions to the world of music through the sopranos(女高音) Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland, the composer-pianist Percy Grainger, and the composers Arthur Benjamin, John Antill, Peggy Glanville-Hicks, and Peter Joshua Sculthorpe.,Classical ballet w

45、as brought to Australia by the famed native-born dancer and choreographer（舞蹈动作设计师） Sir Robert Helpmann, who was one of the founders of the Australian Ballet Company.,Classical ballet,Sir Robert Helpmann,The Media Most Australians have daily contact with the media-newspapers, magazines, radio and TV.

46、 Australians read more newspaper per head than any other nationality. There are two national daily newspapers-The Australian and The Australian Financial Review.,Radio and television broadcasting services are provided by national, commercial, multicultural and public organizations.,National services are provided by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), a nationwide radio and television service. The ABC has an overs