语用学与话语分析演示文稿.ppt

1、1,Going Into Pragmatics with Discourse Analysis,Zheng Daojun English Department. Foreign Languages School, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China 2011. 1,2,Contents,Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Spoken and Written Language Chapter 3 Cohesion Chapter 4 Analysis of Place Deixis Chapter 5 Speech Acts Cha

2、pter 6 Interpretation of utterance meaning and speech act based on analysis of utterance elements Chapter 7 The Relations Between Both Sentences And Paragraphs,3,Chapter 1 Introduction,1.1 Discourse analysis: Do you know anything about this subject? Its cold here. a suggestion: Lets leave it for the

3、 other place. a refusal: I dont agree to have the meeting here. a warning: Its dangerous to stay here. no meaning at all, but only a role of keeping social relationships 1.1.1 About the technical terms: Discourse and Text? Discourse “spoken” Text “written”,4,Chapter 1 Introduction,1.1.2 What is disc

4、ourse? Parole and Langue Discourse is a stretch of language to be used in a certain communicative event to achieve a particular purpose. In its form it can be a monologue、a dialogue or multiperson interchanges; it can also be verbal signs as well as poems or novels. Any speech or verbal article, no

5、matter how many words or sentences there are in it, can make up a discourse. So, any form, either it is a simple greeting (even a meaning sound, such as hi) or a big conversation; either a classroom question-answer or a conference; and either an informal note or a formal letter, etc., can all be cal

6、led discourse.,5,Chapter 1 Introduction,1.1.3 Historical background：J.R.Firth, Harris, and Mitchell In 1935, J.R.Firth urged linguists to study conversation, for there “we shall find the key to a better understanding of what language is and how it works”. For Firth language was only meaningful in it

7、s context of situation; he asserted that the descriptive process must begin with the collection of a set of contextually defined homogeneous texts and the aim of description is to explain how the sentences or utterances are meaningful in their contexts. e.g. Im hungry.,6,Chapter 1 Introduction,Harri

8、s suggests that a distributional analysis can be successfully applied to a whole text to discover structuring above the rank of sentences. As an example he crests a text containing the following four sentences: (1) The trees turn here about the middle of autumn. (2) The trees turn here about the end

9、 of October. (3) The first frost comes after the middle of autumn. (4) We start heating after the end of October.,7,Chapter 1 Introduction,The trees turn here (1) =The trees turn here (2) The middle of autumn (1) =The end of October (2) The middle of autumn (3) =The end of October (4) The first fros

10、t comes (3) = We start heating (4),8,Chapter 1 Introduction,Mitchells Buying and Selling in Cyrenaica (1957) presents a semantically motivated analysis: 1. salutation 2. enquiry as to the object of sale 3. investigation of the object of sale 4. bargaining 5. conclusion,9,Chapter 1 Introduction,How t

11、o do things with words? by Austin, J. L. Discourse Analysis by Brown, G. pragmatics calls it relevance. Finally, pragmatics and discourse analysis have in common the fact that they are both concerned with function: the speakers short-term purposes in speaking and long-term trying to make her laugh a

12、nd to make them respect her. Where discourse analysis differs from pragmatics is in its emphasis on the structure of text：,15,Chapter 1 Introduction,Discourse analysis studies how large chunks of language beyond the sentence level are organised, how the social transaction imposes a framework on disc

13、ourse （Coulthard 1986）. It has traditionally covered the topics of exchange structure, or how certain situations have fixed sequences in the overall framework of the exchange, and conversation structure or how what one speaker says can influence the next speakers response. Pragmatics differs from di

14、scourse analysis in the importance given to the social principles of discourse.,16,Chapter 1 Introduction,1.3.1 Go into pragmatics with discourse analysis Brown shrugging.),24,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.2.3 Monitoring, adjusting and repairing 2.3 Features of spoken discourse 2.3.1 Audio

15、features 1) “Of course I dont mind,” said Helen, a little crossly. 2) “Oh, hush!” breathed Margaret. (from E.M. Fosters Howards End) 3) “Yes, Im wretched,” she said very mildly.,25,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,4) “Im sure I dont care whether you do or not!” exclaimed the girl, whose voice an

16、d smile, however, were less haughty than her words. (from Henry James Portrait of a Lady) 5) “Here he comes,” she murmured, and they could hear that her lips were dry with emotion. 6) “But I dont want anybody to kiss me, sir!” she implored, a big tear beginning to roll down her face. (from Tess of t

17、he Durbevilles),26,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.2 Paralinguistic features 2.3.2.1 Kinesic features 2.3.2.2 Voice quality effects 2.3.2.3 Other effects e.g. red,27,红 red,红色象征幸福、喜庆、吉祥、欢乐、兴旺发达。与红字相关的表达随处可见： 红灯笼，红烛，红喜字，开门红，红旗，红军，红心，红色政权，红色娘子军等等,英语中red不具有汉语的“红”包含的那些文化内涵，在欧美，新娘的结婚礼服为白色，象征纯洁。在圣

18、诞节、新年等节日也没有用红色表示喜庆的习俗。但： red carpet treatment red-light district red flags in the red 此外，用red指共产主义也往往会有贬义，或者说至少是不严肃的用法。,28,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.3 Repetition (1) Youve heard words like style + youve heard words like register + youve heard words like medium + mode. (2) We see rust

19、on machine + we see play of an inch and + a half sometimes play + on fast moving bits of machine + we see + machines + that have never been tested.,29,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.4 Fillers 2.3.4.1 Visual-audio Well +the only word to describe it was + chaos. Right + now + well look at th

20、e possibilities of Um, yeah, I guess so.,30,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.4.2 Non-visual-audio The following is the example to illustrate the above two fillers: normally after +very heavy rain + or something like that + and + youre driving along the road + and + far away + you see + well

21、+ er + a series + of + stripes + + formed like a bow + an arch + + very very far away + ah + seven colours but + + I guess you hardly ever see seven its just a + a series of + colours which + they seem to be separate but if you try to look for the separate (kz) colours they always seem + very hard +

22、 to separate + if you see what I mean + (from a postgraduate student speaking informally),31,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.5 Ellipsis 1) A: Hello! B: Hi! A: Shopping? B: Pardon? A: Are you going to do some shopping? B: Oh, yes. Got to buy some food. A: Need a lift? B: No, thanks. A: O.K.

23、See you. B: Cheers!,32,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2) Look. How beautiful! 3）I want some water. Have you got any? The omitted understood elements in utterances 1） and 2） are outside, but inside in utterance 3）.,33,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.3.6 No clause 1) Im so tired (because)

24、 + I had to walk all the way home. 2) I went to collect the washing (when) + it began to rain. 3）Hes a nice guy (whom) (and) + everyone likes to work with.,34,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.4 The differences between spoken and written language How to understand the differences between Transa

25、ctional View and Interactional View? How to understand “My god, its terribly cold” for its communicative value?,35,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.4.1 In forms Which one is more formal, the spoken one or the written one？ 2.4.1.1 In vocabulary put in insert More examples:,36,Chapter 2Spoken an

26、d Written Language,Spoken Written absolutely completely hand / help assist happen / take place occur kid child / infant,37,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.4.1.2 In syntax Spoken Written 1) I saw a boy in the street and I saw a boy who was he was wandering wandering around around lonely. lonel

27、y in the street. 2)I have walked at least two I am tired because I have miles, so Im tired. hundred walked at least two hundred miles. The formalness of written language and the informalness of spoken language can be revealed in following aspects：,38,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,(1) Strict s

28、yntax Sentences are well balanced and structured. They are usually complete sentences. (2) Format and convention Written language follows accepted formats or conventions. For example, a research report and a business letter look quite different, each of which adopts a strict format of its own.,39,Ch

29、apter 2Spoken and Written Language,(3) Carefully chosen vocabulary There are more big words or technical terms in written language than in spoken language. For instance, a writer may prefer “insert” to “put in” in his writing. A lot of synonyms are used instead of repeating the same word again and a

30、gain.,40,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,(4) Grammatical accuracy The written texts are usually checked or revised after being finished. Attention has been paid to the use of tense, clause relationships, singular/plural, etc. Consequently, they are more accurate in grammar. In written language

31、or formal style, people say Neither he nor his wife has arrived, but in spoken language or informal style, Neither he nor his wife have arrived is also accepted.,41,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.4.1.3 In Expression Examples in English: Spoken： Now, lets give them a big (or good) hand. Writt

32、en： The audience applauds the performers for 3 minutes.,42,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,Examples in Chinese: Spoken： 瞧这孩子长得有鼻子有眼。 Written： 瞧这孩子长得挺可爱的。,43,Chapter 2Spoken and Written Language,2.4.1.4 In paralinguistic way 2.4.2 In functions 1）Spoken language is transitory and written language

33、 is often designed to be permanent. 2）Spoken language devotes large chunks to maintaining social relationships and written language is mainly to convey information,44,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.1 Texture 3.2 Cohesive ties and cohesion Suppose we find the following instructions in the cookery book: Wash an

34、d core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish.,45,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.3 Exophora and Endophora Does the gardener water those plants? What does the word “those” refer to? Look at the sun. Its going down quickly. This is how to get the best results. You let the berries dry in the sun, til

35、l all the moisture has gone out of them. Then you gather them up and chop them very fine. What do the words “It” and “This”refer to separately? What are the anaphoric and the cataphoric?,46,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3. 4 Five types of cohesive ties 3.4.1 Reference personal reference, demonstrative referenc

36、e and comparative reference e.g.,47,Chapter 3 Cohesion,Try to find cohesive ties: A. -I like the lions and I like the polar bears. -These are my favourates. -Those are my favourates too. B. -How did you like the recitations? -I find those boring. C, -I cant get any reliable information. This is what

37、 worries me. D. -John has moved to a new house. He had it built last year. E. -Can you hand Mary a programme? Hers has got lost. F. -We have received exactly the same report as was submitted two months ago. G. -The little dog barked as noisily as the big one.,48,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.4.2 Substitution

38、 How many types of substitution are there? nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution. e.g. A. My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one. B. You think Joan already knows? I think every body does. C. Has Barbara left? I think so.,49,Chapter 3 Cohesion,Try to find substitu

39、tion in the following examples: We have no coal fires; only wood ones. Did anybody feed the cat? Somebody did. Has everyone gone home? I hope not. Is there going to be an earthquake? It says so. -Would you like me to change the pictures in your room? -No, I think wed like to keep the same ones. I do

40、nt know the meaning of half those long words, and whats more, I dont believe you do either. Has the doctor been called by any one? -I dont know. I havent done. Maybe someone else has done. -Are the apples ripe? seems not.,50,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.4.3 Ellipsis Like substitution, ellipsis can be classi

41、fied into three types: nominal, verbal and clausal. e.g.,51,Chapter 3 Cohesion,Joan brought some carnations, and Catherine some sweet peas. These apples are delicious. Lets buy some. They are fine actors. Smith is the finest Ive ever seen. Have you been swimming? Yeas, I have. What have you been doi

42、ng? Swimming. Is John going to come? He might. He was to, but he may not. He should, if he wants his name to be considered.,52,Chapter 3 Cohesion,Having acquainted reference, substitution and ellipsis respectively, we will have three examples to show what they have in common: This is a fine hall you

43、 have here. Im proud to be lecturing in it. This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer one. This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a finer.,53,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.4.4 Conjunction Compared with the above three, what are the features of the “conjunction”? And w

44、hat are the functions of the following conjunctives respectively in discourse? such as, and additive but, yet adversative then temporal so causal (Do the exercise on the page.),54,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.4.5 Lexical cohesion What do “Reiteration” and “Collocation” refer to separately? “Reiteration” a s

45、ynonym or near-synonym or by a more general word “Collocation” the concept of the meaning (or word) chain among certain words （see the exercises on the page.）,55,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5 Coherence and texture What does “shared knowledge” mean? And what role does it play in discourse? (See the example

46、on the page.),56,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5.1 Semantic relations Mary is a good waitress, but she is a bad wife. good bad waitress wife (female) but (connective: “good” via “bad”) Mary she,57,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5.2 Syntactic relations She could trace the smiles on his face. She could sense the feeling

47、s cumulating inside him. And she could even read the thoughts in his mind.,58,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5.3 Convention and format Systemic linguistics Seminar: Thursday, 17th June 2:30 p.m. Room 301 Prof. Zhao Jiancheng (Dept. of Foreign Languages, East China Uni. of Science and Technology) Exploration o

48、f the Relation between Macrophenomena and Metaphenomena in English,59,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5.4 Illocutionary force What does “illocutionary force” mean? A. What are the police doing? B. I have just arrived.,60,Chapter 3 Cohesion,3.5.5 Interpretation,61,Chapter 4 Deixis,What is Deixis? What are the c

49、haracteristics of deixis How many types does it have? And what does place deixis refer to?,62,4.1 What is Deixis?,Deixis, as defined by J. Lyons (1977), refers “to the function of personal and demonstrative pronouns, of tense and of a variety of other grammatical and lexical features which relate ut

50、terances to the spatio-temporal co-ordinates of the act of utterance.” That is, deixis is the function of grammatical as well as lexical means relating a piece of language to its context in terms of its users, the time and place of its occurrence, and the people and objects it refers to. The words u

51、sed in this function are know as deictics. Typical examples are pronouns, demonstratives, time and place adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense. Lets compare the following three sentences:,63,Chapter 4 Deixis,(1) Ice floats on water. (2) Its raining. (3) Im hungry. The first sentence

52、 would not cause any difficulty for its interpretation in isolation. Whoever says it at what ever time and place, its meaning would not be changed. But the second and third sentences, which contain indexical expressions, depend on the context heavily. What sentence (2) is intended to refer to will b

53、e fully grasped only by those people who know the place and time of its production, the identification of the intended reference of (3) will require the knowledge of its producer and the time of its production.,64,Chapter 4 Deixis,4.2 Characteristics of deixis the egocentricity In general, deixis is

54、 used in an egocentric way. That is, unless otherwise stated, “(i) the central person is the speaker, (ii) the central time is the time at which the speaker produces the utterance, (iii) the central place is the speakers location at utterance time, (iv) the discourse centre is the point which the sp

55、eaker is currently at in the production of his utterance, and (v) the social centre is the speakers social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addresses or referents is relative” So the first person pronoun I , including my, me, refers to the speaker, no matter who hears or reads it. Vio

56、lating this rule would result in comic effects, as is illustrated by the following interesting example:,65,Chapter 4 Deixis,A teacher discovered that he had left his comfortable slippers back in the house and sent a student after them with a note for his wife. The note read: “Send me your slippers w

57、ith this boy”. When the student asked why he had written “your” slippers, the teacher answered: “Yold Fool! If I wrote my slippers, she would read my slippers and would send her slippers. What could I do with her slippers? So I wrote your slippers, shell read your slippers and send me mine”.,66,Chap

58、ter 4 Deixis,4.3 Different uses Deictics are by definition words for pointing, pointing to the people, objects, time and place that are relevant to the interpretation of a piece of language. But finer distinctions among this general use may be made, and the first of them is the distinction between t

59、he gestural and the symbolic. 4.3.1 Gestural and symbolic uses,67,Chapter 4 Deixis,This distinction is made on the basis of the presence or absence of paralinguistic features. By paralinguistic features is meant body movements like eye-gaze, facial expressions, nodding of the head, gestures by the hand, and unusual variatio