Ch09 Thinking, Language, and Intellig.ppt

1、Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed),Chapter 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence,Thinking (cognition),Thinking: Mental activities associated with: processing understanding remembering communicating,Thinking,Concepts: mental groupings of similar objects or ideas examples: truck dog sad,Concepts for

2、med by definition,Example: shape with 3 sides,Concepts formed by developing prototypes,Prototype mental image or best example,Thinking: Solving Problems,Insight: suddenly realize the solution to a problem doesnt require use of strategies example: “getting” a joke,Thinking: Solving Problems,We also u

3、se strategies Algorithms: methodical step-by-step can take longer Heuristics: simpler strategies quicker more error-prone,Problem Solving Obstacles,Confirmation Bias we tend to search for info that confirms our ideas overlook contradictory info example: communication with deceased Fixation inability

4、 to see a problem from a new perspective,The Representativeness Heuristic,judge likelihood of things by how well they match prototypes ignore other info,Representativeness Heuristic,A person is short, slim, and likes to read poetry. more likely to be a professor of classics at Ivy League university

5、or truck driver?,Availability Heuristic,judging likelihood of events based on how readily they come to mind (memory) quickly comes to mind we assume it is common sometimes true, but not always results in errors,Availability Heuristic,Does the letter k appear more often as the first or third letter i

6、n English usage? examples of 1st letter: knife, king, know think of examples quickly examples of 3rd letter: take, likelihood, ask harder to think of but actually more likely,Overconfidence,tend to overestimate: accuracy of our knowledge our performance in tasks examples school assignments (take lon

7、ger than we expect) can also be positive people who have more overconfidence: happier find it easier to make decisions seen as more credible,Framing,same information, presented differently can lead us to feel differently hearing that 10% die from a surgery vs. hearing that 90% survive risk is rated

8、as greater when we hear 10% die risks framed with numbers cause more fear than percentages 10 people out of 10 million will die versus .000001 will die survey questions can be framed to support or reject viewpoints,Belief Perseverance,stick with our beliefs even if they have been discredited example

9、: opposing views of capital punishment subjects were shown mixed evidence: more impressed by the study that supported their beliefs disputed the other study,Fear: Why do we fear the wrong things?,Flying versus driving Ancestral history (snakes, heights) Fear what we cannot control driving we control

10、 (flying we dont) Fear what is immediate smokers may fear flying Fear what is most readily available in memory dramatic tsunami (killed 300,000) vs. malaria killing similar # of children every few months,Language,Language spoken, written, signed words combined to communicate meaning 1st birthday to

11、high school graduation we learn 60,000 words (10 per day),Language,Babbling Stage beginning at 3 to 4 months infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first: unrelated to the household language cant identify language (e.g., English, Korean) at 10 months: household language can be identified,Lang

12、uage,One-Word Stage the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words from about age 1 to age 2,Language,Two-Word Stage starts about age 2 two word statements Telegraphic Speech early speech stage (age 2) child speaks like a telegram “go car”; “want milk” mostly noun

13、s and verbs,Language,Language,Influences Biological brains are wired to use language Environmental need exposure early on differences in environment influence language ability ,Language,Second language learning gets harder with age,Language,Linguistic determinism (1950s) Benjamin Lee Whorf hypothesi

14、s that language determines the way we think Now: “determines” is too strong but language influences thinking,Language Influences Thinking,English more words for self-focused emotions (e.g., anger) Japanese more words for interpersonal emotions (e.g., sympathy),Do Animals Think?,Animals (especially g

15、reat apes) display capacity for thinking Form concepts monkeys learn to classify cats and dogs; different neurons respond Display Insight fruit and long stick placed beyond reach chimpanzee given short stick in cage couldnt reach fruit, gave up, suddenly used short stick to get long stick,Do animals

16、 exhibit language?,They can comprehend and communicate Monkeys: different alarm cries depending on predator Whales: clicks and wails Honeybees: dance to inform others of food source location Dogs: interact with us; can fetch items by name,Do animals exhibit language?,Depends on definition of languag

17、e ability to communicate through meaningful symbols? yes (apes) expression of complex grammar? no Previously thought that animals could not: plan, form concepts, count, use tools show compassion use language Animal research has found that animals CAN do all of these,Intelligence,What is Intelligence

18、?,Intelligence mental abilities involves ability to: learn from experience solve problems reason effectively meet challenges and achieve goals adapt to new situations,Assessing Intelligence,Aptitude Test assess a persons capacity to learn Achievement Test assess what a person has learned,Origins of

19、Intelligence,Mental Age devised by Binet (Paris - early 1900s) chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8,Origins of Intelligence,Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test the widely used Amer

20、ican revision of Binets original intelligence test revised by Lewis Terman (Stanford University),Origins of Intelligence,Intelligence Quotient (IQ) originally: ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100) now: computerized data base - average performance for

21、 a given age is assigned a score of 100,Are There Multiple Intelligences?,Emotional Intelligence perceiving emotions recognition of emotions in faces, music, stories understanding emotions important for predicting emotions managing emotions know how & when to express them in various situations,Theor

22、ies of Intelligence,One General Intelligence? Spearman believed we have one general intelligence one factor that underlies our mental abilities OR Multiple Intelligences? Gardners Eight Intelligences Sternbergs triarchic theory,Gardners Eight Intelligences,Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spa

23、tial (“picture smart”) Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal (self) Interpersonal (other people) Naturalist (“nature smart”) ,Sternbergs Triarchic Theory,Analytical Intelligence academic problem-solving assessed by intelligence tests with questions that have a single correct answer Creative Intelligence

24、adapt to new situations develop new ideas Practical Intelligence required for everyday tasks problems that have multiple solutions,Assessing Intelligence,Wechsler Intelligence Scale widely used intelligence test Adults age 16+ (WAIS) Children age 6-16 (WISC) IQ score & 4 index scores verbal comprehe

25、nsion perceptual reasoning (nonverbal) working memory processing speed,Perceptual reasoning example,Perceptual Reasoning Example,Assessing Intelligence,Standardization testing a group of people to see the scores that are typically obtained Normal Curve most scores fall near the average fewer and few

26、er scores lie near the extremes Malcolm Gladwell book Outliers factors that go into extraordinary achievement ,The Normal Curve,Assessing Intelligence,Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting the same individual Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to,Assessing Intelligence,Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the be