NFPA基本消防及生命安全规范架构

1、Basic Fire & Life Safetyfor Radiation Safety Professionals,Robert Emery, DrPH, CHP, CIH, CSP, RBP, CHMM, CPP, ARM Vice President for Safety, Health, Environment, Risk Management & Quality Assurance The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Associate Professor of Occupational Health Th

2、e University of Texas School of Public Health,Why do we need fire and life safety codes?,According to the NFPA, in 2007 there were 530,500 structure fires one every minute 3,000 civilian deaths one every 2.5 hours 15,350 civilianinjuries one every 30 minutes $10,600,000,000 in property damage A fire

3、 department responded to a fire every 20 seconds,Objectives,Introduce the codes that drive fire and life safety compliance Overview of fire detection and suppression Provide tools to conduct a basic fire and life safety assessment,Fire Regulations and Codes,Safety and Health Regulations OSHA (29 CFR

4、 1910 & 1926) Fire and Life Safety Codes International Building Code (IBC) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Municipal Requirements,IBC,OSHA,NFPA,NIOSH,Additional Requirements,All codes are minimum requirements Insurance company requirements Company policies The Joint Commission State and/

5、or City requirements,How are These Codes Enforced,Codes are adopted by reference by ordinance. Plans for remodeling or a new construction must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) prior to starting work. State Fire Marshals Office Local Fire Department or City Code Officials Design

6、ated Local AHJ Take Home Message Know what code(s) apply to your operation,Which do I follow?,Remodeling or new construction plans must be approved by authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) prior to starting work State Fire Marshals Office Local Fire Department or City Code Officials Designated Local A

7、HJ,Features of Building Fire and Life Safety,Alarms Sprinklers Rated Corridors Exit Access Number of Required Exits Egress Widths Occupant Loads Elevator Recall Fire Rated Doors & Frames,Smoke Control Rated Stairwells Fireproofing Requirements Electrical Safety Construction Combustibility Fire and S

8、moke Dampers Emergency Power Roof Assemblies,Fire Alarm Systems,Play an Essential Role in Protecting Property and Lives From Fire. Protection Goals Governs System Selection Building Occupant Safety Satisfy Building Codes or AHJ Requirements Property Protection First Responder Safety Environmental Pr

9、otection Combination,Fire Alarm Systems,IBC references NFPA 72 for installation and maintenance NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code Basic Components Panel Detection Manual Alarm Notification Off-Premises Connection for Supervision,Fire Alarm Systems,Fire Alarm System Will Provide Three Types of Signals

10、 Alarm Trouble indicates a fault in a monitoring circuit or component of the fire alarm system Bad smoke detector Ground fault Supervisory indicates a problem with other fire protection systems being monitored by the fire alarm system Water valve to sprinkler system closed Clean agent system problem

11、,Alarm,Supervisory,Trouble,Off-Premises Connection for Supervision,Common Fire Detection,Smoke Detector Ionization Photoelectric Heat Detectors Fixed Temperature Rate-of-Rise,Manual Pull Stations,Manual pull devices will be located on the wall Activated by pulling on a handle Sends signal to buildin

12、gs fire alarm system which places the building into alarm,Notification Appliances,Audible alarms (How loud is loud enough?) Public SPL must be 5 dB above any ambient noise that lasts 60 sec. or more, or 15 dB above the 24-hr average, whichever is greater Sleeping quarters Minimum of 75 dBA,Notificat

13、ion Appliances,Voice Communication Better to have a larger number of lower SPL units vs. a few very loud units Intelligibility can be a problem,Notification Appliances,Visual alarms Primarily intended to augment audible alarms Common Locations of Visual Alarms Corridors Meeting rooms Restrooms Enclo

14、sed elevator lobbies,Fire Alarm System Interfaces,Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Duct detectors AHU shut-down Sprinkler water flow alarms Magnetic lock release mechanisms Door unlocking devices Elevator recall Stairwell pressurization,System Reliability,Based on Four Elements Design Equipm

15、ent Underwriters Laboratories Factory Mutual Global Installation Maintenance Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance are crucial Unfortunately, some problems may be identified after the previous three have been completed,Fire Suppression,Water Based Suppression Clean Agent Systems Fire Extinguishers,Wa

16、ter Based Suppression,Wet-Pipe System contains water under pressure at all times Series of closed sprinkler heads Heat activates sprinkler head Water is discharged immediately * Not recommended if system could be exposed to temperatures below 40F,Wet-Pipe System,Main valve Alarm check valve Fire dep

17、artment check valve Fire department connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head Inspectors test valve,Wet-Pipe System,Only the sprinkler heads heated by the fire activate Fire sprinklers spray 18 gallons of water per minute,Sprinkler head,As temperature rises the bulb will shatter,Water is released

18、and deflected in a spray pattern,Sprinkler Color Codes and Ratings,Field Method for Temporary Stoppage of Sprinkler Head,Dry-Pipe System,System contains air under pressure Compressor on system keeps pressure up Sprinkler heads hold the pressure A dry-pipe valve holds back the water supply Valve open

19、s when pressure falls below a predetermined level Sprinkler head activation pressure drop valve opens water sent to all heads water discharged from activated sprinkler head(s) * Recommended for areas that could experience freezing temperatures,How do Dry-Pipe Systems Work?,Heat Activated,Pressure Dr

20、op,Water Discharges from activated head,Water sent to all sprinkler heads,Valve Opens,Dry-Pipe System,Supply check valve Main valve Dry pipe valve Fire department check valve Fire department connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head Inspectors test valve,Pre-action System,System contains air under

21、 pressure Compressor on system keeps pressure up Water held back by pre-action valve System equipped with supplemental detection Operation of detection system allows pre-action valve to open and water fills the system Water not discharged until fire has generated sufficient heat to activate a sprink

22、ler head * Typically found in computer rooms and museums,How do Pre-Action Systems Work?,Smoke Detected,Water Discharges from activated head,Water sent to all sprinkler heads,Valve Opens,Pre-action System,Supply check valve Main valve Water control or deluge valve Fire department check valve Fire de

23、partment connection Water motor alarm Sprinkler head (closed) Detector Electrical bell Manual release station Control panel Inspectors test valve,Fire Pumps,Fire pumps are utilized when the hydraulic demand exceeds public supply capacity Components Pump and motor Controllers Jockey pump Water tank,W

24、ater Supply,Standpipe System Class I 2 inch hose connection intended for fire department use Class II 1 inch hose connections intended for first-aid fire fighting Class III Provided with both 2 inch and 1 inch hose connections Fire Department Connection,Suppression Without Water,Halon NFPA 12A Being

25、 phased out per 1987 Montreal Protocol Carbon Dioxide NFPA 12 Clean Agent NFPA 2001 Inert gas formulation * These systems are often not recognized as allowable substitute for water suppression,Fire Extinguishers,NFPA 10 standard for portable fire extinguishers Select appropriate extinguisher for are

26、a Class A, B, C, D, and K Identify hazard occupancy Light Hazard Offices, schools, assembly halls Ordinary Hazard Mercantile storage, parking garages High Hazard Woodworking area, warehouses,Conducting a Basic Assessment,Determine Your Building Occupancy Type First IBC Occupancy Classifications Asse

27、mbly: Group A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 and A-5 Business: Group B Educational: Group E Factory and Industrial: Groups F-1 and F-2 High Hazard: Groups H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, and H-5 Institutional: Group I-1, I-2, I-3 and I-4 Mercantile: Group M Residential: Groups R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 Storage: Groups S-1 and S-2 Utility and Miscellaneous: Group U,Conducting a Basic Assessment,Additional Detailed Requirements Based on Use and Occupancy Covered Mall Buildings High-Rise Buildings Atriums Underground Buildings Motor-Vehicle-Related Occupancies Motion Picture Pr