英语语法Lecture 33-34.ppt

1、关系从句 relative clause定语从句 attributive clause,Focus： Choice of relative words,Summary of Coordination and Subordination,Different ranks: a sequence of coordinated words, phrases, or clauses. Compound sentence Two or more coordinated clauses Coordinating devices Avoiding Run-on Sentences Avoiding Sente

2、nce Fragments,Summary of Coordination and Subordination,Ways of subordinating minor ideas Structurally, subordinate clauses may be finite, non-finite, or verbless. A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase.Syntactically, subordinate clauses can be divided into nomin

3、al, relative, and adverbial clauses. non-finite clause/ construction verbless clauses/ construction absolute construction,Relative clause (S-structure) helps to understand the D-structure,Adolf Hitler was the third son of the third marriage of a minor Austrian customs official who had been born an i

4、llegitimate child. 阿道夫希特勒是一个奥地利海关小职员的第三次婚姻中所生的第三个孩子，这个奥地利海关小职员是个私生子 。,Diagnostic test,Everything _ happened after that seemed unreal. I am going out to buy some food, _ will take me about half an hour. It is the most heart-rending story _ I have read for a long time. All _glitters is not gold. Maupa

5、ssant, _you have no doubt heard of, went mad in the end. The man _daughter jilted you has just died.,Relative clause Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clause Relative words Double relative clause vs. embedded relative clause,Relative clause,A relative clause is a clause that is introduced by

6、a relative wordeither by a relative pronoun or by a relative determiner or a relative adverb. Function to modify noun( head or antecedent) 形容词性分句主要作名词修饰语，这个中心名词就是先行词(antecedent), 通常由who, which, that等关系代词和when, where, why等关系副词引导; 这类句子也叫关系分句。 relative determiner whose, which,Restrictive or non-restric

7、tive,The architect who designed these flats doesnt live here, of course. My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. 先行词，关系词 antecedent, relative word,Compare: July is the month when we have a lot of rain. The meeting will be put off till next month, when we are all free.,He has a daugh

8、ter who works in a hospital. He has a daughter, who works in a hospital. He missed the train, which annoyed him very much.,Compare: I wan to buy the house which has a garden. 我想买那座带有花园的房子。 I want to buy the house, which has a garden. 我想买那座房子，它有一个花园。,A Tip 在先行词前如果出现定冠词the; 不定限定词(indefinite determiner

9、s) all, any, some, every, no或最高级等修饰语时，后面的关系分句一般来讲是限制性的。如： Any man who smoke cigarettes is risking his health. I will memorize all the items that are on the list. It is the most expensive car that I have ever seen.,Relative word关系词,No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall. 关系代

10、词Relative pronouns 关系副词relative adverbs 关系限定词relative determiners,Choice of relative words,Personal vs. non-personal reference Syntactic function of the relative pronoun S O SC PC Nature of the clause： restrictive vs. non- restrictive The register and style: formal vs. informal,关系词的选择,1. 要看先行词表示的是 人

11、 who, whom, that; 物which, that; 时间when; 地点where;还是 原因why 2. 要看关系词在从句(不是主句)中充当什么成分,同样的先行词,由于在从句中所起的作用不同,须选用不同的关系词,This is the place where I spent my childhood. This is the place which I visited last summer. The reason which he gave was unacceptable. The reason why he did that was unknown.,Personal vs

12、. non-personal reference,Where is the man _ I saw yesterday? Where is the book _I bought this morning? The team has lost all its machines, _ doesnt surprise me. P382,relative adverbs,John still remember clearly the happy days when he was in Chiang Mal, Thailand. He went to settle down in the same pl

13、ace where he had been born. The reason why we cant go is that we dont have time. Nobody knew the reason that he had decided to go back to china. Do you still remember the first time that we both went to the night bazaar?,You can talk about thereason why(=explain why) something happens or is done:I d

14、idnt want to upset you. That is(the reason) why(=That explains why) I didnt tell you about it in the first place.You can, however, omitthe reason, and make itThats why.You cant use athat-clausein this case, nor can you leavewhyout. Could you tell me (the reason) why(=Could you explain to me why) you

15、 are always late?,Now, if youre, however, actually stating the reason, you do not usewhy. You use athat-clauseinstead (or leavethatout):Thereason (that)I didnt tell you about it in the first placeisthatI didnt want to upset you.The reason (that)Im ringing youisthatI need to ask for advice.orThe reas

16、on (that)Im ringing youis to ask for advice.,One more thing -becausecan be used in informal use instead ofthat(i.e.the green that). But pleasetry to avoid such use in exams and tests:Thereason (that)I didnt tell you about it in the first placeisbecauseI didnt want to upset you.The reason (that)Im ri

17、nging youisbecauseI need to ask for advice.,the reason why/that,the reason that 后接具体原因 The reason that he was ill yesterday is such a bad excuse.意为:那个他昨天生病的理由真是个糟糕的借口. the reason why 后接对这个理由的修饰,或者是现在需要解释的一个状况.如:the reason why he was late is that he was ill. 在这里,he was late是一个需要解释的情况,所以用 the reason w

18、hy , 这里,用到一个句型:the reason why . is that. ,依照上面示例可知用法.,the time when/that, 同位语从句or 定语从句？,During the time _that he was away, she was sad. I will never forget the time _ when I spent with you. It was the first time _ that I had been to Beijing. Gone are those days _ people were proud of their mother or

19、 father tongues and considered that their native languages alone will suffice the need to survive. For example, from 1954 to1963, _ the death penalty was consistently imposed in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100 000 population.,The relative adverb when

20、is used to modify a noun phrase of time. Such noun phrases include nouns that denote periods of time such as, day, week, hour, minute, month, year, and similar events. The relative pronouns that or on + which can be substituted for the relative adverb when.,when相当于in which或者during which=in the times

21、/during the times, 如果是有序数词the first/second,就只能用that了，在定语从句中，如果先行词有序数词，形容词最高级，不定代词，或是表示唯一概念的“the very, the only时, 或是先行词既有人又有物时，关系词只能用”that. 如果定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，选择 when He came back home at the time when we were having dinner. 如果定语从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，选择that He came back home at the time that we chose.,Ellips

22、is of relative words,Where is the man I saw yesterday? Where is the book I bought this morning?,Ellipsis of relative words,1. 当关系代词在分句中作宾语时 This is the man (whom) Ive always admired. All the food (that) you ate had gone bad. 2. 当关系代词that在从句中作补语时 Hes changed. Hes not the man (who)he was. 3. 当关系代词在分句中

23、作主语时，且主句为it is， that is， there is 所引导 There was someone (who) asked for you, Bill. 4.三个关系副词when, why和where有时也可以省略。 I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.,Where的省略应当用介词来置换，如： The room where he worked is now kept in good repair. The room

24、he worked in is now kept in good repair. 如果where的先行项是place一词，那么关系分句的介词也可以省略，如： Thats the place (where) he stayed when he was in London. 这种省略也适用于the way（后面的分句一般用in which或者that引导），如： The way in which you answered the questions was admirable. (正式语体) The way (that)you answered the questions was funny.,T

25、he Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔牧师 Oliver Goldsmith （1728-1774）十八世纪爱尔兰著名诗人、剧作家、小说家,This is the Farmer who sowed the corn, that fed the Cock that crowed（打鸣，叫）in the morn, that waked the Priest all shaven and shorn, that married （为主持婚礼） the Man all tattered（衣着破烂的） and torn, that kissed the Maiden all forlor

26、n（孤独无助的）, that milked the Cow with the crumpled （弯扭的）horn, that tossed the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt （麦芽）, that lay in the House that Jack built.,一篇有趣的儿童韵文故事名篇，故事是这样递进的：, This is the House that Jack built. This is the Malt（麦芽）, that lay in the House that Jack

27、built. This is the Rat（大老鼠）, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built. This is the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built. This is the Dog, that worried the Cat, that killed the Rat, that ate the Malt, that lay in the House that Jack built.

28、 ,Double relative clause 双重关系分句 P388,相同先行项：同一层次; 不同先行项：不同层次 The house which he bought in 1980, and which he sold two years later, is again on the market.相同先行项：同一层次 Shes the only girl I know who can play the guitar不同先行项：不同层次 Shes the only girl （that）I know who can play the guitar. Shes the only girl

29、I know who can play the guitar. 不同先行项：不同层次 试比较：Shes the only girl who I know can play the guitar.,Double relative clause 双重关系分句,A double relative clause refers to a postmodifier composed of two relative clauses that share one and the same antecedent. The two clauses may be on the same rank of struct

30、ure and are connected by a coordinator. The two clauses may also be placed on different levels.,embedded relative clause嵌入式关系分句,She has an adopted child who was an orphan. She says the adopted child was an orphan. To combine the two sentences: She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan.,emb

31、edded relative clause嵌入式关系分句 P388,An embedded relative clause is a clause that functions both as the post-modifier of a noun phrase in the main clause and as the object of another inserted clause, that is to say, the relative clause is embedded in another clause. Shes the only girl who I know can pl

32、ay the guitar. who can play the guitar,后置修饰语,who 是 I know 的宾语,Shes the only girl I know who can play the guitar. She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan. Shes the only girl who I know can play the guitar.,Lecture 34Conditional,Summary of relative clause,restritive and non-restritive clau

33、se Choice and Ellipsis of relative words Relative or appositive clause? the reason why/that the time when/that Double relative clause and embedded relative clause Shes the only girl I know who can play the guitar. Shes the only girl who I know can play the guitar.,If clause, result clause.,If you ar

34、e late to the theater, you will not be seated until intermission. If I were the ambassador, Id make sure the President hears about this. If it had rained last night, it wouldnt be so hot today., If you go out in the rain, you will get wet. Unless a person tries hard, he wont succeed. In case I forge

35、t about the meeting, please remind me. He will be allowed to do it on condition that he abides by all the rules and regulations.,If they were here now, they could help us. Were they here now, they could help us. If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Had you come earlier, you would have me

36、t him Should it rain, the crops would be saved.,Focus,4 types of conditional sentences and their variants Mixed conditional Leaving out if,Type I real conditional Type II real conditional Type III unreal conditional Type IV unreal conditional,Real condition vs. un-real condition,If you heat ice, it

37、melts. If we catch the 10 oclock train we _get there by lunch time. If we caught the 10 oclock train we _get there by lunch time. 4. If we had caught, we _,If you heat ice, it melts. (If) simple present + (Main) simple present If you give respect, you get respect. (If) simple present + (Main) simple

38、 present If I made a promise, I kept it. (If) simple past + (Main) simple past,Type I universal truth, general validity, habitual action,Basic form 基本形式 If we catch the 10 oclock train we shall/will/may/can get there by lunch time. If I win the lottery, I can go to Paris. If I win the lottery, I wil

39、l go to Paris. If I win the lottery, I might go to Paris. Prediction, Intention, Possibility (If) simple present + (Main) shall/will/may/can + inf (If) simple present + (Main) imperative,Type II,Variant form 变体形式 If you should/will catch the 10 oclock train, we may get there by lunch time. If you wi

40、ll marry me, I will love you forever. If you will help us, we will be grateful. Here will means is/are willing to. In more polite requests we can use would. (If) should + (Main) will, would, etc + inf 不太肯定的婉转 (If) will + (Main) will, would, etc + inf 意愿 (If) would + (Main) should, would, etc + inf 客

41、气的请求,Type II,(More polite than If you marry me?),Type II,Going to If you skip your classes, you are going to fail. If you are going to skip school, you certainly wont pass your exams.,To emphasize a certain result,Intend to,Alternative forms of Type II替换形式,Imperative+ and clause Set your alarm ocloc

42、k and you wont oversleep Imperative+ or clause To compare: We will go to the movies if you finish your work. We will go to the movies if you have finished your work. (There is a focus on the completion of the action.),Try to compare,1) (a) If it rains, Ill go by car. (b) If it rains, I go by car. 2)

43、 (a) If you take a seat, you wont become tired. (b) If you will take a seat, hell see you in a minute. (c) If you would kindly wait a moment, Ill see what I can do. 推测；习惯动作；意愿；客气的请求,If we caught the 10 oclock train we could/would/ might get there by lunch time. Basic form of III Variant form of III

44、1）(If) were to+ inf +(Main) would, etc +inf 2）If youd cook the dinner, Id do the washing up afterwards. 不太可能实现的意愿,Type III Unreal Conditional,Type IV Unreal Conditionalhypothetical and contrary to past fact,If we had caught the 10 oclock train, we would have got there by lunch-time.Basic form of IV

45、(If) had+ -ed participle +(Main) would (could, might, etc) + have+ -ed Variant form of IV (If) were to have+ -ed participle +(Main) would (could, might, etc) + have+ -ed,Mixed conditional-present result of a past condition,(1) If the weather _(be) more favorable, the crops would be growing still bet

46、ter. 如果前些时候天气好一点，庄稼现在会得更好。 如果他一直很努力，她的父母也不会这样着急了。 (2) If he_(try) hard, his parents wouldnt be so worried.,Mixed conditions,Present result of a past condition 如果当时我接受了那份工作，我现在就是百万富翁了。 If I had accepted that job, I would be a millionaire now. III and IV,Mixed conditions logic relations,If I didnt lov

47、e him I wouldnt have married him. (= I love him and that is why I married him.) If I were invited I would have come. (= I was not invited. Therefore I did not go),Leaving out If,In a formal or literary style if can be dropped and an auxiliary verb put before the subject. This is common with had, sho

48、uld and were. If I were you, I would accept the offer. (= Were I you I would accept the offer. ) Had he not received her help, he wouldnt have become a millionaire. (= If he had not received.),Leaving out If,But for replaces if not and is followed by a noun. It is usually used in formal speech. But

49、for our savings, we wouldnt have been able to make the payments.,Type II or Type III,Summary -real or imaginary,If I become the President, I will give free electricity to farmers. If I became the President, I would give free electricity to farmers. Type II, Type III,Summary -Direct requests and sugg

50、estions,I will be grateful if you lend me some money. I would be grateful if you lent me some money. Type II, Type III,(a) If you would try Italian food, you would like it. (b) If Beth should learn to type well, her parents would buy her a typewriter. Would Type III 不大可能实现的意愿 should Type II不太肯定的婉转口气

51、，不影响条件的真实性,Try to compare,Ex.,1. If the city _ (expand) the parking lot space downtown, we would not have to park so far away from the movie theatre. 2. Whenever my roommate _ (snore) loudly, I cannot sleep. 3. Children may be disappointed if they _ (not receive) good grades. 4. If we _ (not take) an exam on the con