ChapterTwophoneticsandphonology.ppt

1、Chapter 2,Phonetics and Phonology,Part 1 Phonetics,Whats phonetics? Phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. 海湾战争中流行三个词汇，和平（peace），战争(war) 和发现(found), 将这三个词连在一起大声读三遍，你会揭开一个古老的历史谜团。,1. Branches of phonetics,Speech Speech Production Perception (speaker A) (speaker B),A t

2、hree-step process of speech sounds,Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds. 发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. 声学语音学 Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 听觉语音学,Organs of speech,A.

3、The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity: 15,咽腔,14,15,2.2.4 Classification of

4、 English Speech sounds,A dichotomy of English speech sounds: 1. Vowels(20): Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction whatsoever of the vocal tract, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 2. Consonants(24): Speech sounds which are produced by constricting or obs

5、tructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.,2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants,1. In terms of manner of articulation: A. stops/plosives: pbtdkg B. fricatives:f, v, s, z, , , , , h C. affricates (塞擦音) : t, d D. approxi

6、mants(通音)：w, j, r E. nasals: m, n, F. lateral l,Classification of English consonants,2. In term of place of articulation: A. bilabial: p, b, m, w B. labiodental: f, v C. dental: , D. alveolar(齿龈): t, d, s, z, n, l, r E. palatal(硬腭): , , t, d, j F. velar(软腭): k, g, G. glottal(声门): h,Classification of

7、 English consonants,3. In terms of the state of the vocal cords: A. voiced: consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the air-stream causes them to vibrate again each other. B. voiceless: consonants produced when vocal cords are apart, and air passes through easily.,t, d,-,Classificat

8、ion of English vowels,A dichotomy 1. Monophthongs: individual vowels 2. Diphthongs: vowels which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. ei, ai, au, u, oi, i, e, u,Classification of English monophthongs,1. In terms of the position of the tongue A. fro

9、nt: i:, I, e, B. central:, , C. back: u:, u, o:, o, a:,Classification of English monophthongs,2. In terms of the openness of the mouth A. close: i:, I, u:. u B. semi-close: e, : C. semi-open: , o: D. open: , , o, a:,Classification of English monophthongs,3. In terms of the shape of the lips A. unrou

10、nded: all the front vowels, central vowels, and a:. B. rounded: all the back vowels except a:. Viz. u o: o u:,Classification of English monophthongs,4. In terms of the length A. short: B. long: 5. In terms of the state of the larynx A. tense: all the long vowels B. lax: all the short vowels,i: high

11、front tense unrounded vowel u high back lax rounded vowel middle central lax unrounded vowel a: low back tense unrounded vowel,Orthographic representation of speech sounds,1. IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The pres

12、ent one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920 by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones (1881-1967), revised in 1993, corrected (updated) in 1996.,Broad and Narrow Transcription,1. Diacritics（发音符号/辨音符）: the set of symbols in IPA, which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distin

13、ctions than the letters alone may possibly do. Leaf li:f, feel fi:; pit phit, spit spit aspirated vs. unaspirated,Broad and Narrow Transcription,2. Broad transcription（宽式音标）： The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. / _ / 3. Narrow transcription（严式音标）: The transcription of sounds with l

14、etter-symbols together with the diacritics. _ ,THANKS 4 UR ATTENTION !,Hello, Everyone!,Review questions,1.In what ways can English consonants be classified? 2. In what ways can English vowels be classified?,Part Two Phonology,Phonology: the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds i

15、n a language.,Phonology and Phonetics,1. Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. 2. Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to

16、 convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds which allow us to distinguish meaning in language RATHER THAN the physical articulation of speech sounds. It serves as the basis for all the variations in different articulations of a

17、 sound type in different context.,Phone, Phoneme, and Allophones,Phone: a phonetic unit or segment. It is the speech sound we hear and produce during linguistic communication. some distinguish meaning (s, t), some dont. Phoneme: an abstract phonological unit of distinctive value that is represented

18、or realized by a certain phone. Allophones: the different phones which can represent one phoneme in different phonetic environments.,Allophones,/p/,p=/s_,ph /elsewhere,Note: “s_” is the environment in which /p/ appears,Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair,Phonemic contrast

19、: two phonetically sounds that are distinctive phonemes. Complementary distribution: the allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution because they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments.

20、,Minimal pair,Minimal pair: When two different words are identical in every way except for a contrast in one phoneme which occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. Example: pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill /p, b, t, d,

21、k, g/ cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap /c, b/; /I, e/; /p, l/,Minimal set,Minimal set: When more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, all the many sound combinations are said to form a minimal set. beat, bit, bet, b

22、at, boot, but, bait, bite,boat,Distinctive Features (区别性特征),Features that are used to distinguish one phoneme from another or one group of sounds from another. Most distinctive features are binary (+, -),Some rules in phonology,Also called phonotactics (音位策略、规则)：The constraints on the sequence or position of English phoneme. Sequential rules: rules that govern the combination of sound in a particular language. Milk is a possible combination, while likm is not. Assimilation rule: When two phonemes occur in se