托福词汇考频版 List21

1、List 21adj. 效率低的，无能的not efficientHe thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engineof a thousand uses.因此，他将应用范围有限且效率低的蒸汽泵改造为应用范围广泛的蒸汽发动机。inefficient英,in ifi nt6ingenuityn. 心灵手巧，独创性，精巧imaginative and clever design or constructionSome functions result directly from the ingen

2、uity of the citizenry, but mostfunctions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods).一些城市的职能直接起源于市民的独创性，但是大多数城市的职能起源于当地区域和周边内陆地区的需求（这些地区给城市提供商品，城市也给这些地区提供服务和其他货物）。英in d

3、nu:ti6inhospitableadj. 不好客的，不适于居住的not showing hospitalityThis is the time period in which most scientists formerly believed the area to beinhospitable for humans.大部分科学家之前认为这个地区在那个时间段不适合人类居住。英in h:spitbl6internallyadv. 内部地，国内地exsiting or situated within the limits or surface of somethingTypically, th

4、e animals daily internally generated cycle of activity continueswithout change.通常，动物内在产生的日常活动周期会一直持续下去，不会发生改变。英in t :nli6interruptv. 打断，打扰to stop or hinder by breaking inNevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education togo to school.然而，有人认为今天儿童上学是对教育的妨碍。英,in t rpt6intric

5、ateadj. 复杂的，难懂的，精细的having many complexly interrelating parts or elementsIn addition to plates and bowls, some customers sought more intricateproducts, such as silver teapots.除了碟子和碗，有些顾客会要求制作更精细的产品，比如银茶壶。英in trik t6inventoryn. 详细目录； v. 编制（详细目录）an itemized list of current assets;The basic cultural req

6、uirements for the successful colonization of the Pacificislands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to英in vnt:ri6例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中译例音 标词 频中get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skillssuited to of

7、ten marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.成功定居于太平洋群岛的基本文明条件包括: 适当的造船、驾船，以及航海技术从而能够第一个到达这些岛屿，适合于大多数边缘环境的农作物和园艺技术，各种各样的捕鱼工具和捕鱼技术的积累。译joiner 音 标dinrn. 木匠a carpenterFrom their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North Americaincluded at least one ca

8、rpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking, a weaver and a tailor for clothing production, a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects, and a blacksmith for metalwork.中英例6从一开始，殖民地大部分的乡村地区在木工业务方面都至少拥有一名木匠、工译匠、锯木匠和桶匠，在服装生产方面至少拥有一名织布者和一名裁缝，在皮革制品制造方面，至少拥有一名制革工人、

9、鞣皮匠和皮匠（鞋匠），在金属加工方面至少拥有一名铁匠。jurassic 音 标d r sik n. 侏罗纪of, relating to, or being the period of the Mesozoic eraLimestone may be found in the Cambrian or 300 million years later in theJurassic strata but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found

10、in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.在寒武纪或者3亿年后的侏罗纪时期的地层中，我们可能会发现石灰岩，但是我们绝不可能在侏罗纪时期发现三叶虫化石（三叶虫是诞生于寒武纪的一种非常普遍的海洋节肢动物），同样，我们也不可能在寒武纪时期的地层中发现恐龙化石。中英例6译kettle 音 标k etln. 水壶，水锅a metallic vessel usually used for boiling liquidsCoppersmiths employed it to fashion pots and kettles for the home

11、.铜匠们将它用于时尚的罐子和家用水壶。中英例译6lantern 音 标l ntn 词 频6n. 提灯，灯笼a usually portable protective case for a light with transparent openings中英leather 音 标le n. 皮革animal skin dressed for useWhen a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until theexternal surface was almost like leather in texture.

12、在没有涂抹Slip的时候，器皿可以慢慢干燥，直到外表面的质地像皮革一样。中英例6译ledgen. 臂架，暗礁，岩脊a raised or projecting edge or molding intended to protect or checkTwo ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney.中英例 音 标led词 频词 频词 频词 频6两个壁架在烟囱内部的彼此交叉。译lengthyadj. 冗长的，漫长的protracted excessivelyThe development of att

13、achment in human infants is a lengthy processinvolving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.人类婴儿依赖性的发育是一个漫长的过程，涉及心理结构的变化，这些变化帮助父母与孩子之间建立深厚的情感纽带。中英例 音 标le i6译levy 音 标 词 频v. 征收；发动 n. 征税，召集；the act or process of levying;中英le vi6liberal 音 标lib r

14、ladj. 心胸宽大的Favoring proposals for reform, open to new ideas for progress, and tolerant of the ideas and behavior of others; broad-mindedAs small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal tradepolicy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. 就像那些依赖国外市场的小国

15、家一样，它们大体上奉行自由贸易政策，尽管在瑞典出现了一场贸易保护主义运动。中英6例译limb 音 标lim n. 肢，臂，翼one of the jointed appendages of an animal, such as an arm, a leg, a wing, or a flipper, used for locomotion or graspingHowever, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, andwalruses, whose limbs are functional both

16、on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.然而，要想想象出世界上第一只鲸鱼的长相并非易事，不像还原海獭及鳍足类动物（如海豹，海狮和海象，它们的四肢可以水陆两用）的原貌那么简单。中英6例译locomotionn. 运动，移动an act or the power of moving from place to placeThe whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion inm

17、odern cetaceans.中英例 音 标lo km on6走鲸的尾巴并没有，然而，它们没有尾片现代鲸类动物通过尾片进行移动，译这是它们主要的移动方式。lord 音 标 词 频n.one having power and authority over others中英l:d6marble 音 标m :b ln. 大理石a metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities, and used especially in architec

18、ture and sculpture中英6词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americansturned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.在需要一

19、件精美的雕刻品这种少见情况下，美国人求助了外国雕刻家，例如，在18世纪70年代，即纽约城和查尔斯顿城以及南卡罗来纳州委任英国人Joseph Wilton建造 William Pill的大理石雕像的那个时候。例译mechanical 音 标m ik n ik ladj. 机械的of or relating to machinery or toolsIn one explanation, recognition occurs when a scent molecule fits into itscorresponding receptor site, like a key into a lock,

20、 causing a mechanical or chemical change in the cell.一种解释是，香气分子刚好落入相应的感觉器官，气味就被识别了，就像钥匙插入锁中，在细胞中造成机械性的或是化学性的变化。中英例6译melody 音 标m e ldin. 旋律，曲调，美妙的音乐a sweet or agreeable succession or arrangement of soundsUnlike string and wind instruments, the piano is completely self-sufficient, as itis able to play

21、 both the melody and its accompanying harmony at the same time.与管弦乐器不同，钢琴完全可以独立演奏，因为它可以同时演奏旋律与和声。中英例6译meticulously 音 标m tik j lsliadv. 仔细地，一丝不苟地marked by extreme or excessive care in the consideration or treatment of detailsThe successive layering of these meticulously applied paints produced thefin

22、al, translucent colors.一丝不苟地连续涂上这些薄层产生了最后的半透明的颜色。中英6例译metropolis 音 标m tr :plisn. 大都市，重要中心，首府the chief or capital city of a country, state, or regionBy 1930, it had ten giant metropolises.到1930年，美国拥有了10座大型城市。中英例译6migrant 音 标m a i rnt 词 频6adj. 移居的 n. 移居者，候鸟；one that migrates;中英millimeter 音 标m il m i:t

23、 n. 毫米a unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meterFrom north to south in the Yucatan Peninsula, where the Maya lived, rainfallranges from 18 to 100 inches (457 to 2,540 millimeters) per year, and the soils become thicker, so that the southern peninsula was agriculturally more productive and s

24、upported denser populations.在玛雅人生活的尤卡坦半岛上，年降雨量的范围从北到南由18英寸升至100英寸中英例6译词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频（457毫米至2540毫米），而且土壤变得越来越厚，因此，尤卡坦半岛南部的农业生产力相对较高，并且承担了更加密集的人口。mineralization 音 标m inrlizein 词 频6n. 矿化作用，成矿作用to transform a metal into an ore中英mustard 音 标m strdn. 芥末；芥菜；中棕黄色a condident made from the powdered seeds of s

25、ome of these plants; any of various Eurasian plants of the genusBrassica, which are cultivated for their pungent seeds; color a dark yellow to light olive brownMany members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grassfamily are top hyper accumulators.芥科植物、大戟科植物、豆科植物和禾本科植物中的许多植物都是顶级

26、的超富集植物。中英6例译namely 音 标n e im li 词 频6adv. 即，也就是that is to say中英navigational 音 标n vieinladj. 导航的，航行的the act or practice of navigatingMany older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overallcultural creativity of the Pacific islanders.许多较早的理论含蓄地贬低了太平洋岛民的航海能力和综合文化的创造力。中英例6译noneth

27、eless 音 标n nlesadv. 尽管如此despite anything to the contraryNonetheless, the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a validgeneralization: the natural vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the drier climates give rise to a grassland cover.虽然如此，美洲潮湿地区

28、和美洲干旱地区这种二分法仍然是一种正确的概括: 在这些地区中，每年接受超过20英尺降水的自然植被形成了森林，而更干燥的气候则促使了草 原的形成。中英例6译nontraditional 音 标nntrdinl 词 频6adj. 非传统的，不符合传统的not conforming to or in accord with tradition中英ooze 音 标u :zv. 渗透come or flow out slowlyThe cracklike marks on Europas icy face appear to be fractures where water orslush oozes

29、from below.在木卫二的冰面上，裂纹状的痕迹看上去像是裂缝，在那里海水或者淤泥从下面渗出。中英例6译词 频词 频词 频词 频outbreak 音 标a tbreik 词 频6n.，中英a sudden or violent increase in activity or currencyoutermost 音 标a trm ostadj. 最外方的，离中心最远的farthest outSome species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary featherson each side (to retain bal

30、ance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on.例如，一些种类的鸟，它们原有的羽毛总是从最外面沿着两侧开始掉落（为了在空中保持平衡）并且等新羽毛长出三分之一之后，才开始脱倒数第二层“最外面”的羽 毛，以此类推。中英例6译outstanding 音 标autst ndiadj. 突出的，杰出的standing outFrance produced a number of outstandi

31、ng exponents of the Art Nouveau style;among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904).法国出现了一批杰出的新艺术派代表人物，在他们之中最著名的就是Emile Galle (1846-1904)。中英例6译overirrigation 音 标 vririeinn. 灌水过多，过量灌溉heavy irrigationFour specific activities have been identified as major contributors to thedesertification proc

32、esses: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation.四种具体的原因导致了沙漠化进程: 过度开垦，过度放牧，过度砍伐和过量灌溉。中英例6译patch 音 标p t n. 补钉a piece of material used to mend or cover a hole or a weak spotAlthough most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain apatch of coarse scales near

33、 the head called the corselet.虽然它们身上的大部分鱼鳞已经消失，但是在金枪鱼和鲭鱼的头部附近还保留着一小块儿粗糙的鳞片，被称作（鱼的）胸甲。中英例6译permanence 音 标p :rm nnsn. 永久，持久the quality or state of being permanentMuch of the worlds great architecture has been constructed of stone becauseof its beauty, permanence, and availability.因为石料美观、持久耐用并且容易获得，所以世

34、界上有许多伟大建筑是用石料建造的。中英例6译petal 音 标petln. 花瓣one of the modified often brightly colored leaves of the corolla of a flowerSurrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easilyrecognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always中英例6词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频functional shapes.

35、花柱外包裹着三片花萼和三片花瓣，就这点来说有时很容易辨认，因为花萼和花瓣经常弯曲成极其奇怪而美丽的形状，不过这种弯曲的形状是有其作用的。译petrifaction 音 标petrf k nn. 石化，目瞪口呆the process of petrifyingThe term fossil often implies petrifaction, literally a transformation into stone.“化石”这一词常常暗指石化，字面意思就是变成了石头。中英例译6pillar 音 标p il radj. 有柱的，成柱状的a slender, freestanding, vert

36、ical supportOther statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, forinstance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the archi

37、tectural context.其它的雕像设计出来是为了放置在建筑环境之中，例如，放置在通往神殿的巨大通道入口（被称为塔门）的前面，或者放置在以柱子支撑的宫廷里，这些雕像将被安排在对着柱子或者在柱子之间的位置上: 它们的“正面描绘”手法在这些建筑环境中产生了极佳的效果。中英例6译pipe 音 标n. 管子，导管a tubular wind instrumentThis is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, inwhich the coiled pipes pass heat back and for

38、th as water courses through them.在老式蒸汽暖气片上有着相同的（结构）布置，当水迅速流过暖气片时，蛇形管在其中英例paip6译中地传递热量。plank 音 标p l k v. 铺板，用力放下 n. 厚板，支撑物；a heavy thick board;Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the surface forpainting, and then polished smooth with special tools.石膏覆盖的厚木板连在一起，作为绘画面，随后用特制的工具将其打磨光

39、滑。中英例6译pollen 音 标p :lnv. 授粉给 n. 花粉；a mass of microspores in a seed plant appearing usually as a fine dust; to pass pollen toOnce the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or r

40、emoved.一旦合适的昆虫被吸引过来，一些兰花便会设置各种单行道阻碍以确保昆虫在授粉成功前不会离开。中英6例译portraiture 音 标p:rtrtrn. 肖像画，肖像画法the making of portraitsPortraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within thereach of many more people.中英例6词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频词 频肖像画这种曾经是少数有的人拥有的奢侈品，突然变成了更多人可以很容易地接触到的大众事物。postage 音 标pustidn

41、. 邮费，邮资the fee for postal serviceIn 1847 the United States Post Office Department adopted the idea of apostage stamp, which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those who did not like to prepay.英61847年美国邮人对此并不满意。采用了邮票，这自然简化了邮款方式，但是不喜欢预先支付的praise 音 标preiz 词 频6n.

42、 赞扬，赞美to express a favorable judgment of英preparation 音 标,prepreinn. 准，预备the action or process of making something ready for use or service or of getting ready for some occasion, test, or dutyAnother opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and werean essential part of a special

43、 preparation ceremony.另一种观点认为这些壁画与狩猎活动有直接关系，而且，它们是一种特殊仪式的筹备过程中必不可少的组成部分。英6prime 音 标praim adj. 首要的first in degree or rankChicago is a prime example of this process.芝加哥就是能够说明这个过程的一个很好的例子。英6prolific 音 标prlifik adj. 多产的，作品丰富的causing abundant growyh, generation, or reproductionThe beds of former lakes ar

44、e also prolific sources of fossils.以前的湖泊底部也有丰富的化石资源。英6prone 音 标pronadj. 易于的，有倾向的having a tendency or inclinationThese factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless ofthe disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm act

45、ivity.尽管其在选址地点上可能存在不利特征，比如在暴风雨活跃的时期容易被洪水淹没， 这些因素确保了芝加哥还是会成为一座重要的城市。英6quiet 音 标k w a i tadj. 寂静的the quality or state of being quietAnother deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visiblelocation well away from the nest.英6另一个骗术以安静的移动开始，即移动到一个远离并且容易被发现的位置。译词 频例中译词 频例中词 频例译中词 频例译中译例词 频中中译

46、词 频例中译radicallyadv. 根本地，完全地，过激地in a radical or extreme mannerAccording to this line of thought, the verbal abilities that blossom in the twoyear old allow events to be coded in a form radically different from the action- based codes of the infant.英 音 标r dik li6根据这个思路，两岁的儿童发展出的语言能力可以使他们对于动作的组织方式有根本的差

47、异。的组织方式与婴儿基raft 音 标n. 筏，木排，救生艇a collection of logs or timber fastened together for conveyance by waterUsing only stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draftanimals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to

48、the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.建筑工人们只用石制工具和木制工具，没有汽车，也没有可以驮负重物的牲口，从峡谷峭壁开采大量沙石，并将它们切割成小块运回建筑工地，再与泥灰浆混合。英r ft6reclaim 音 标rik le im v. 收回，回收；开垦to recall from wrong or improper conduct; to bring into or return to a suitable condition for use, as cultivation or habitation

49、The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining evenmore land.土地收益和价格的增加使人们有理由去开垦更多的土地，并且为更多的土地排水。英6recur 音 标rik :rv. 重现to occur up again for considerationAmerican paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studiedextinction rates in a number of fossil groups, sug

50、gest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.英6美国古生物学家David Raup 和 John Sepkosk在化石群中研究过物种的速度，他指出，自从白垩纪中期以来，这种物种快速千六百万年出现一次。的周期性的循环发生，大约每两reed 音 标ri:d n. 芦苇，芦杆，芦丛any of various tall grasses with slender oft

51、en prominently jointed stems that grow especially in wet areasIn 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed boat to proveEgyptian influences in the Americas.英6relax 音 标ril k sv. 使.松弛to make less tense or rigidThe tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle.木卫二上的潮汐一直处于不停的涨潮和落潮的循环过程

52、。英6词 频例译中译例词 频中译词 频例中译例词 频中译词 频例中译词 频例中removal 音 标rim u :vln. 移动the act or process of removingSince the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the naturalvegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion.由于种植农作物需要事先清除天然植被，而农作物歉收又会留下大面积缺乏植被的荒地，因此，这样的土地非常容易受到风和雨的侵蚀。英6replenish 音 标rip leniv. 补充，再装满to fill or build up againIf too little heat is produced, the ice, replenished annually by wintersnowstorms, will expand, pushing against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the present caverns in solid