高考阅读理解技巧 猜测词义代词指代.ppt

1、猜测词义,猜一猜,niubility, zhuangbility, shability, erbility,【备考策略】 在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。,这种题常见的提问方式有：The word “” in paragraph can bes

2、t be replaced by .The underlined word “” most probably means .By saying “”, the author means The expression “” is closest to According to the passage, the phrase “” suggests The underlined part “ ” (in Para. )means .,做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生

3、义，切不可脱离语境想当然。,一 针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。,1 根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。,例如：1 Do you know wha

4、t a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own. 由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。,2 Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”. 由定义我们可以推断这里 Green building 指的是什么。,2根据复述推测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供依据，至少读者可以根据

5、复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。,同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say,i.e. 等。例如： In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today,由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词 ocelots的义域

6、：一种濒临灭绝野猫,定语从句复述：例如： Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .According the passage, The Pines is a .Aplace in which you can see many mobile homesBmountain where you can get a good view of the va

7、lleyCtown which happens to be near the Banff National ParkDrestaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food,通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到： The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字， 由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。,2 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例如： The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It wil

8、l provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.,根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子， 我们应

9、该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。,二 内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。,1 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。例如： A childs birthday party doesnthave to be a h

10、assle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?A. a party designed by specialistsB. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or troubleD. a demand made by guests,根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义， 很容易判断理解题的答案为C,2 根据

11、比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.,该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk 和loquacious之间的比较关系，其意义相近。 由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。,3 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。

12、例如： I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.Afull of respect Btoo confident and rudeClacking in experienceDtoo shy and quiet,根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”）， 我们可

13、以推断这里presumptuous的意思是： “冒失的，放肆的”意思，B。,Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。,4 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。例如： William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingle

14、d yarn（纱线），good and ill together.”The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy,句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义， 据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”， 答案是：B。,Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes

15、”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.,根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系， 我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。,三 通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1 根据前缀猜测词义例如： Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools? 根据词根educational

16、（教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。,2 根据后缀猜测词义例如： Its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on Englands most southerly point 后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为；使化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。,3 根据复合词的各部

17、分猜测词义 Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions. Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。,We live in a technolo

18、gical society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. 根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。,判断指代内容,如何做阅读理解中的代词指代题 代词指代题常见的类型有： 1. The word “” in the passage probably means_. 2. The underli

19、ned word “” in the passage refers to _. 3. In this story the underlined word “” means _. 4. Here “” means _.,做这类题型时，常用的解题技巧有： 1. 确定指代对象。要首先分析前后文，明确代词所指代的对象是人还是物，避免误判，要有目的地做题，才能真正做到有的放矢。 2. 确定指代对象的数量。代词指代的可数名词还是不可数名词，一定要在理解句子意思的基础上进行判断，只有判断准数，才能理解文章的意思，准确理解题目的要求。 3. 确定指代范围。在认真阅读的基础上明确代词的指代范围。只有明确代词所表

20、示的具体范围，才能搞清楚文章的逻辑关系和前后文的联系，正在理解文章的中心思想。,Unlike sister 凤， sister 芙蓉更PP，她拥有苗条的身材，标致的脸庞，和其他网络达人一样，such as brother 春 women may be ranked below men. But in every society there is another form of inequality that ranks families rather than individuals. If a large number of families are similar to each othe

21、r in education, income, and values, they constitute（组成） a social class. The word they in the passage refers to A stratified societies B large number of families C individuals D education, income, and values,Pesticides temporarily increase the productivity of crops, until insects develop genetic resi

22、stance to them. The word them in the passage refers to A pesticides B crops C insects D soils,1.人称代词 they/it出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语.,Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external（外面） cue not only coordinates（协调） an animals dail

23、y rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also-because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clocks period close to that of Earths rotation. The word It in the passage refers to an external cue such as sunrise the daily rhythm of an animal the local solar d

24、ay a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours,Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons（桥塔）, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their front

25、ality worked perfectly within the architectural context.（环境） A statues B gateways C temples D pillared courts,2.平行结构.通常指前面提到的名词 Someothers; oneanother; athe one;asuch,not onlybut also;,Energy is the real currency of the world. We depend on energy to grow our food, to keep us alive, and to warm and c

26、ool our bodies and the buildings where we live and work. We also use it to move people and other objects as well as to change matter from one physical or chemical form to another. The word another in the passage refers to A currency B energy C form D matter,Jane, an eighteen-year-old girl, walks out

27、 of a hospital. She is going to have a surgery(手术) next week. She wants to have bigger eyes, and she believes this surgery can make her eyes look much prettier. These days, it is popular in China and Korea for young women to have plastic(整形) surgery because they want a high nose, better look or a go

28、od shape of their body.,What does “it”mean in the second paragragh? A. Beautiful eye B. An eye exam every year C. Plastic surgery D. A good shape of body C 要确定代词指代的对象是人还是物，避免误判。,Tony and Peter are famous for their wonderful voices. They are popular with both young and old people. Three years ago the

29、 brothers organized the Garbage Can with their three cousins. The five of them started to write their own songs and have become successful. In the coming concert in Greentown, the Garbage Can is going to sing their best-loved songs and several new ones.,平行结构,What does “ones” mean? A. Fans B. Parks C

30、. Songs D. Voices C 看清楚是单数还是复数，在理解句子意思的基础上进行判断。,Mama Li is famous for her cooking, and Papa Li for his homemade cookies. Children are always happy to come and milk the cows. Our dog will be waiting for you at the door. You are also welcome to bring your own. Come and enjoy the comfortable home we ha

31、ve prepared for you on your vacation. What does “your own” mean in the ad? A. food B. a dog C. a child D. a friend,3宾语暗示，单复数,What does “your own” mean in the ad? A. food B. a dog C. a child D. a friend B 明确代词指代的具体范围，根据上下文来判断。,I was so happy today because my cousin, Judy will come back from the USA.

32、I still remember that she came to Taian to visit me last summer vacation. I took her to Mount Tai National Park by car and she liked it very much. She said that the scenery there was so beautiful. We also visited The National Palace Museum and enjoyed the food in The Night Market.,What does “it ” me

33、an? A. Taian B. Mount Tai National Park C. The National Palace Museum D. The car B 仔细审查代词所表示的人或物。,Its difficult to be polite in America from that in China. Id like to talk with you about the use of “please”, “excuse me” and “thank you”. The Chinese people dont use “please” as often as we do. For example, Chinese teachers hardly say “please sit down” when their studen