英语语法：替代

1、.,替 代,.,导 语,替代（Substitution）和省略一样，也是一种避免重复和连接上下文的手段。替代 包括名词性替代 (Nominal substitution)、动词性替代 (Verbal substitution) 和分句性替代(Clausal substitution)。因此有三种替代词：名词替代词、动词替代词和分句替代词。,.,1. 名词性替代,用替代词取代名词词组或名词词组中心词这一语法现象叫名词性替代。名词替代词主要为one/ ones, 还有the same, the kind, the sort等。,.,1. 替代词one/ ones的用法,）替代词one/ ones只

2、能替代单数复数可数名词。例如： There are good films as well as bad ones. (ones = films) They sent us a lot of small apples instead of big ones. (ones = apples) 如果名词词组中心词是不可数名词，就不能用one/ ones替代，要避免重复，通常采用名词性省略: We prefer green tea to black (tea). I like fresh candy better than stale (candy).,.,2）替代词one/ ones和它们所替代的名

3、词词组中心词的“数”可以不一致。例如： I prefer the big bottle to the small ones. Compare the new edition with the old ones. 3）替代词one/ ones和它们所替代的名词词组中心词在句法功能上也可能不一致。例如： Do you see those gentlemen over there? The one with grey hair is my father. A: If only I could remember where it was that I saw someone putting away

4、the box with those candles in, I could finish the decorations now. B: You mean the little colored ones. 在上述第一例中，被替代的gentlemen在句中作宾语，而替代词one在句中作主语。在第二例中，被替代在句中作介词宾语，而替代词ones则是动词宾语。,.,4）替代词one/ ones一般带有修饰语，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不一定是同一对象，这是替代词one/ ones用法上一个重要特征。例如： I dont like this book. Id like a more interes

5、ting one. Id like to have some big apples instead of small ones. 在上述第一例中，one虽然等于book，但“这本书”和“更有趣味的书”显然不是同一对象：同样地，第二例中的ones虽然等于apples，但“小苹果”和“大苹果”所指也并非一物。其所以所指对象不同是因为替代词one/ ones通常带有表示对比含义的修饰语。 替代词one/ ones所带的修饰语可以前置，也可以后置。前置修饰语一般是限定词和形容词，通常带有重音，表示对比含义。例如：,.,I prefer an old coat to a new one. The new

6、 building was a four-story one. 当替代词one/ ones带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词，这种后置修饰语可以是形容词词组或者非限定分句。例如： Compare this picture with the one painted by your brother. 也可以是副词、介词词组或关系分句。例如： This room and the one upstairs are well furnished. Ill read this book as soon as I finish the one Im reading.,.,带后置修饰语的替代词one/ on

7、es也常见于比较分句中。例如： Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before. I like this picture better than the one you showed me yesterday. 替代词one/ ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this, which，序数词等之后可以省略。例如： I want the fifth volume, not the fourth (one). If I miss the 9:15 train, Ill catch the next (one).

8、 The second chapter is much longer than the first (one).,.,替代词one/ ones通常不用在名词属格之后，也不用在形容词性物主代词+ own之后。例如可以说： This is my house and thats Peters. 不可以说： *This is my house and thats Peters one. 可以说： I dont like to live long in a foreign country; I want to go back to my own 不可以说： *I dont like to live lo

9、ng in a foreign country; I want to go back to my own one.,.,(5)替代词如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词也没有形容词时，便不是替代名词中心词而是替代整个名词词组。例如： The question is one (= a question) of a great importance. If you want a friend, youll find one (= a friend) in me. 由上述诸例可以看护粗，替代词one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当于不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。要泛指复数的事物，

10、只能用some。试比较： Here are a few apples. Would you like one (= an apple)? Here are a few apples. Would you like some (= some of them)?,.,因此不可以说： *Here are a few apples. Would you like ones ? 替代词one不带前置修饰语时，同样也不可以替代不可数名词。例如可以说： Here is the fruit. Would you like some? 而不可以说： Here is the fruit. Would you li

11、ke one? 替代词one的这种用法与人称代词的用法仍然有所不同。前者泛指同类事物中的一个，而人称代词则是具体指代某个同一的对象。试比较： I want a TV set, but I cant afford to buy one (= a TV set). I want this TV set, but I cant afford to buy it (= this TV set).,.,上述第一例如果改用it便是病句。 * I want a TV set, but I cant afford to buy it. 因为it和它所代替的名词词组所指为同一对象，应带定冠词或其他特指限定词，但

12、上文的名词词组没有特指意义，因而只能用one，不能用it。 要注意区别替代名词词组的one，替代名词词组中心词的one和数词one。试比较： A: Can I have those apples? B: You have already got one (= an apple). （在这里，重音落在got上，one不重读，如果重读便成为数词。） Youve already got a red one(= an apple).,.,（在这里，重音落在red上，one不重读，替代名词词组中心词。） You can have one; give the rest to your little bro

13、ther. （这句的one要重读，它是数词，表示“一个”。） 还要注意区别替代词one与不定人称代词one。如前所述，不定人称代词one泛指“人”，相当于any person（包括说话人和对方在内），只有单数形式，也不带修饰语，通常单独使用，构成名词词组，只作句子的主语，并有属格ones和反身形式oneself。one的这种用法与替代词one在意义上是完全不同的。例如： One should do ones / his duty. If one wants to know a thing, one/ he ought to come into contact with it. One cant

14、 be too careful, can one/ he?,.,1. B 其他名词替代词,）替代词the same的用法 the same可用作整个名词词组的替代词，通常指物，但与它所替代的名词词组并非指同一对象。例如： A: Ill have two poached eggs on toast, please. B: Ill have the same. 在这里，the same并非表示the same eggs，而是替代在上文作宾语的整个名词词组two poached eggs on toast，当然不可能共指第一个说话人所要的那份荷包蛋土司。,.,替代词the same一般不可以再带有修

15、饰语，但可以带有表示保留或条件的后置修饰语。例如： A: Ill have two poached eggs on toast, please. B: Ill have the same but fried. Ill have the same without the fried. A: Id like a cup of tea. B: Id like the same with milk but without sugar.,.,规章等正式文体中，替代词the same有时也可以和它所替代的词语共同指一个对象。例如： The society shall keep minutes of its

16、 proceedings, which shall be available for public inspection. From time to time it shall publish the same. 在这里，the same = the minutes of its proceedings,所指之物相同。 替代词the same在一定搭配中可以替代一个名词性分句所表示的事实。例如： A: John thought it was impossible. B: Yes, I thought the same. (= that it was impossible) 有时，the sam

17、e所替代的仅是某个分句所表示的基本事实，细节略有变更。例如：,.,We can trust Caroline. I wish I could say the same of her husband. (= that we can trust her husband) 替代词the same在另一些搭配中可以表示上文中的某个变化过程。例如： A: That noise really unnerves me. B: Yes, it does the same to me too. (does the same = unnerves me) 当替代词the same用作主语补语时，它所替代的词语可以

18、是名词词组，也可以是形容词词组或比较结构等。例如： Charles is now an doctor. Given half a chance I would have been the same. (the same = an actor),.,2）替代词kind和sort的用法 kind和sort通常用来替代不可数名词。例如： American food is not the same as the English kind. (kind = food) Slang disappears quickly, especially the juvenile sort. (sort = slang) 除了名词性替代外，不定代词each, none, all, some, any, either, neither, both等也可起类似作用，已在有关章节讲过，此处不再重复。,.,2. 动词性替代,用动词替代词去替代动词词组（即谓语）或动词词组中心词（即谓语动词）这一语法现象叫做动词性替代。动词性替代通常由do的一定形式担任，作这种用法的do叫做“代动词”（PRO-VERB）。代动词do有两种用法：一是替代动词词组即整个谓语，一是替代动词词组中心词即谓语动词。,.,. 代动词do替代动词词组的用法,当代动词do替