英语词汇学10-2012.8..ppt

1、Chapter 10,Lexical Chunks (2),Points for Thinking,1. What is a idiom? 2. Illustrate with examples the classification of idioms. 3. What are the characteristics of idioms in terms of the grammatical aspect? 4. What is a proverb? Can you list some features of proverbs? 5. Of the figurative idioms, wha

2、t are the differences between metaphorical idioms and similized idioms?,10.1 Definition of Idiom,An idiom is generally defined as a phrase whose meaning is difficult or sometimes impossible to guess by looking at the meaning of individual words it contains. In modern linguistics an idiom is defined

3、as a complex lexical item which is longer than a word form but shorter than a sentence and which has a meaning that cannot be derived from the knowledge of its component parts. Meaning is thus the decisive, if not the only criterion for idioms. The word forms of an idiom do not constitute lexical un

4、its and do not make an isolable contribution to the meaning of the whole, but show a unitary meaning.,English idioms are an essential part of the general vocabulary. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spi

5、rit and feeling. E.g. look up, put aside, do away with, the last straw, at the eleventh hour, as straight as an arrow, give sb. the cold shoulder, make both end meet. They are stylistically neutral, and quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.,An idiom is a fixed group of words or a

6、 single word, or even a sentence, with special meaning that cannot be guessed from its constituents. That is to say the meaning of it must be learnt as a whole. Idioms include the following: set phrases (固定短语)、colloquialisms (俗语)、proverbs (谚语)、slang expressions (俚语),English idioms can be irregular a

7、nd illogical in structure Diamond cut diamond. adv. 棋逢对手 It was diamond cut diamond when the two teams met.那两队一交锋真是棋逢对手，互不相让 through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻, 在任何情况下 He dashed through thick and thin.他不顾艰难险阻地往前冲。,Most English idioms are fixed in structure (1)wholly fixed idioms Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去

8、得快 There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪 Gifts blind the eyes. 吃人家嘴短，拿人家手软。,(2) Partly fixed idioms A: To come to a bad( nasty, sticky, untimely, no good, etc.) end. Hell come to a bad end one of these days.他总有一天会遭到恶报的。 B: To take (have, enjoy) forty winks. I want to catch forty wink before the gues

9、t arrive.我想在客人到达之前，先打个盹儿。,English Idioms are usually opaque in meaning, metaphorical rather than literal. (1) To rain cats and dogs (2) Once in a blue moon: rarely (3) Have an axe to grind:别有企图,心怀叵测 (4) Cry over the spilt milk: regret,Most English Idioms are colloquial expressions in nature, but som

10、e of them can also be used on formal occasions (1)Let pass over his rude remarks in silence: not to mention (2)I got enough supplies laid up for the vacation: stored (3) He made short work of cleaning the room.( to finish quickly and easily),Some English idioms consist of obsolete words (1) kith and

11、 kin: close relation (2) to and fro: come and go来回地,往复地 (3) hither and thither :here and there,English idioms are often created on the basis of alliteration, rhyme, euphony(谐音)and repetition (1)part and parcel (a most important part that cannot be separated from the whole of it ) (2)with might and m

12、ain (with all the force ) (3) time and tide wait for no man (4) wear and tear: damage after use (5) rough and tough: rude粗野的,粗暴的 (6) again and again,汉语” 成语” ( 1)概念外延 汉语大词典对”成语”的定义是: 习用的古语; 指长期习用, 结构定型, 意义完整的固定词组, 大多由四字组成。 ( 2)基本形式。 汉语成语的基本形式是四字格。 ( 3)语体特点。 成语带有庄重典雅的书面语色彩 熟语在汉语中是一个很宽泛的概念, 是指语言中固定的词组或

13、句子。使用时一般不能改变其组织, 且要以其整体来理解语义。它包括成语、谚语、格言、歇后语、惯用语, 等等。 习用语是人们相沿习用的词语或句子, 也具有结构定型性和语义整体性的特征, 与英语中的idiom的意义也很接近, 所以idiom也可翻译成习用语,10.2 Classifications of Idioms,10.2.1 Grammatical aspects of English idioms,10.2.2 Idioms and simple lexemes 10.2.3 Binomials 英语中有一种成语，两个词由and连接起来，表示一个完整的概念，叫做成对词（twin words，

14、irreverisible binomials 或words in pairs),10.2.4 Pragmatic idioms We will refer to them as pragmatic idioms although there are many other terms such as routines or social formulas or gambits.Pragmatic idioms are not to be confused with pragmatic markers or expressions, often called discourse markers,

15、 such as well, you know, I mean etc.,10.2.5 Proverbs Proverbs may provide interesting little glimpse or clues to a peoples geography, history, social organization, social views , attitudes.,equivalent or close approximate proverbs,Strike while the iron is hot. Many hands make light work Haste makes

16、waste. Out of sight, out of mind Birds of a feather flock together Look before you leap Whether there is smoke theres fire Where theres a will, theres a way All good things must come to an end.,distinctive features of Chinese proverbs :,1. the distinctive Chinese quality 如： 小卒过河，意在吃帅 ;挂羊头，卖狗肉 2 Refl

17、ect social inequalities and the feelings of those deprived and oppressed , such as 卖花姑娘插竹叶，卖线姑娘裙角裂 or 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯 3 The influence of Buddhism on Chinese customs and thinking, as in 远看菩萨，近看泥巴 and 平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚 Whereas English proverbs reflect the influence of Christianity. 4. social harmony, or broth

18、erhood, or “ doing good” as 前人栽树，后人乘凉； 一人挖井，众人吃水； 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮,Money has no smell. 钱不嫌多. 有钱能使鬼推磨. Money makes the mare go . Money is the roots of all evil. Time is money! Efficiency is money . Tell money after your own father.,都是money 惹的祸,亲父子明算帐,1.Money is like a sixth sense without which you can

19、not make a complete use of other five. - William S. Maugham 金钱就象第六感觉,没有这种感觉你无法完全利用其它五个. 2.I finally know what distinguishes man from the other beasts : financial worries . - Jules Renard 我终于明白人与野兽的区别在于: 人为了钱而担忧. 3. Its better to live rich than to die rich - Samuel Johnson 与其在死时手中握着一大笔钱,还不如在活着的时候享受享受

20、.,Love goes toward love as school-boys from their books; but love from love, toward school with heavy looks. 恋人赴约像是小学生放学回家一样快活；恋人分手像学生上学一样满脸懊丧。 2Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is wingd Cupid painted blind. 爱情看人不用眼，而用心，因此长着翅膀的爱神丘比特常被描绘成盲眼。 3To be wise and love exceeds

21、mans might. 既热恋又明智非人的能力所为。 Prosperitys the very bond of love, whose fresh complexion and whose heart together affliction alters. 甘甜是爱情的粘合剂；鲜艳的姿色和火热的爱心，都可以因为困苦而改变,10.2.6 Fixed expressions in texts,10.3 Figurative Idioms,Figurative idioms are usually classified as metaphorical idioms and similized idioms. Metaphorical idioms create images in a readers mind. If one knows all the words that make up a metaphor, he has a good chance of getting the intended image. Similized idioms, on the co