中西方人际关系差异

1、天津农学院毕 业 论 文 中文题目: 浅析中西方人际关系差异 英文题目: An Analysis of the Differences in Interpersonal Relationships Between Chinese and Western 学生姓名 王雪花 二级学院 人文学院 系 别 外国语系 专业班级 2011级英语专业2班 指导教师 李 欣 成绩评定 2015年6月An Analysis of the Differences in Interpersonal Relationships Between Chinese and WesternA Thesis Presented

2、 to theCollege of HumanitiesTianjin Agricultural UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Artsby Wang Xuehua June, 2015ContentAbstract (in Chinese) IAbstract (in English)III. Introduction1II. Characteristics of Interpersonal Relationships between Chinese and We

3、stern3 2. 1Types of interpersonal relationships3 2.2 The characteristics of Chinese interpersonal relationship4 2.2.1 Traditional ethical relationships4 2.2.2 Modern diversified characteristics6 2.3The characteristics of Western interpersonal relationships7 2.3.1 Equality ideology7 2.3.2 Individuali

4、sm8III. Differences of Interpersonal Relationships between Chinese and Western9 3.1 Differences in theories9 3.2 Differences in family ties10 3.3Differences in family determines11 3.4Differences in family missions11 3.5Differences in interpersonal communication12 3.5.1Different ideologies12 3.5.2Dif

5、ferent habits13 3.5.3Different rules13 3.6 Differences in social sanctions14IV. Influences of Interpersonal Relationships between Chinese and Western15 4.1 Influences on diversified relationships15 4.2 Influences on cross-cultural communication16V. Conclusion17References19Acknowledgements20 摘 要本研究旨在

6、探究中西方人际关系差异。随着经济全球化的发展，人际关系成为各国家、各民族之间沟通交流不可或缺的桥梁和纽带。同时，中西方人际往来也越来越频繁，成为带动中西方经济、政治、文化发展的重要因素。因此，中西方的人际关系差异现状成为人们日益关注的焦点。探究中西方人际关系差异成为中西方学者近年来热衷的课题和职责。本文第一章是对人际关系概念及其类型的介绍；第二章分别探讨了中国和西方人际关系的特征；第三章着重对中西人方际关系差异进行对比；第四章分析中西方人际关系差异对中西方跨文化交际的影响；第五章对本论文进行总结，理性看待差异，取其精华，去其糟粕，倡导跨文化交际，促进中西人际关系和谐发展。关键词：中西方；人际关

7、系；差异AbstractThis paper focuses on exploring the differences of interpersonal relationships between Chinese and Western. With the development of economic globalization, interpersonal relationships become the indispensable link of communication between different countries and nationalities. At the sam

8、e time, interpersonal communication becomes more and more frequent and is an important factor for the development of economy, politics and culture in Chinese and Western. Therefore, a lot of people pay increasing attention and growing concern to the phenomenon of Chinese and Western different interp

9、ersonal relationships. In recent years, exploring the differences of interpersonal relationship between Chinese and Western is the hot subject research and responsibility for scholars. This paper focuses on exploring the differences of interpersonal relationship between Chinese and Western. The firs

10、t chapter is the introduction including the concept and types of interpersonal relationships; the second chapter analyzes the characteristics of interpersonal relationships between Chinese and western; the third chapter lays stress on the differences of interpersonal relationships between Chinese an

11、d Western ; the fourth chapter analyzes the influences of interpersonal relationships between Chinese and Western; the fifth chapter sums up the core view of the study and encourages modern people to treat differences of interpersonal relationships with rational perspective: discarding the dross and

12、 absorbing the essence in the process of interpersonal communication as well as paying more attention to Chinese and Western cross-cultural communication and harmonious interpersonal relationships.Key words: Chinese and Western; Interpersonal Relationship; DifferencesAn Analysis of the Differences i

13、n Interpersonal Relationships Between Chinese and WesternWang Xue hua(College of Humanities, Tianjin Agricultural University)I. Introduction Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations among people as the basic relationships in daily life. Interpersonal relation

14、ships have been regarded as one of hottest topics in society after the development of economy, politics and culture. It is necessary to pay more attention to study the interpersonal relationships which has great influence on our humans life. There is no doubt that no one can survive isolating from h

15、uman society and living in a vacuum. The interpersonal relationships among people signified that we are living in order to establish and seek a peaceful and harmonious society which brings benefit to human beings. Interpersonal relationships play a key role in our daily life. Since a large number of

16、 people are confused about the concept of interpersonal relationship, we are encouraged to learn and master the knowledge. Interpersonal relationships are the most common and most important relationships in human history. It is a broad concept of interpersonal relationships so that different people

17、hold different opinions on it (Lu Weiming, Li Hong 14). Sociology defined interpersonal relationships as the social relationships building in the process of peoples production or life activities, while psychology defined interpersonal relationships as the direct psychological connection established

18、in the process of human communications (Li Ming, Lin Ning 1). In this paper, the interpersonal relationships refer to mutual relationships between people which are formed and developed through the mutual cognitions, emotion interactions and communication behaviors. Therefore, it can reflect that the

19、 premise of forming an interpersonal relationship is mutual cognition, the method of forming an interpersonal relationship is communication behavior, the characteristic of interpersonal relationship is emotion interaction and the essence of forming an interpersonal relationship is the distance of ps

20、ychological relationship among people. People have been compared as social animals and every individual has his or her special thinking, background, attitude, behavior model, and value. Interpersonal relationships have great influence on personal emotion, life, work; even have a large impact on orga

21、nizational climate, organizational communication, organizational operation, organizational efficiency and relationships between individuals and organization (Li Ming, Lin Ning 31). The growth of individual can not leaves the care of others and the help of human society. The development of each compa

22、ny demands a harmonious interpersonal atmosphere. The stability of each country also requires the orderly coordination of international relationship. According to Lu Shi Chun Qiu record, groups work together with each other and obtain the benefits from each other. Therefore, harmonious interpersonal

23、 relationships among individuals or groups are the valuable wealth. They can bring happiness and successful changes to the individuals and give the infinite energy and immeasurable benefits to organizations, society and countries.II. Characteristics of Interpersonal Relationships between Chinese and

24、 Western 2. 1Types of interpersonal relationshipsThe types of interpersonal relationships are the most complicated which have been studied by many scholars (Li Ming, Lin Ning 72). According to different standards about how to definite the types of interpersonal relationships, this thesis divide the

25、types of interpersonal relationships into three parts.Types based on the joint link can be divided into blood relationships, geographical relationships, occupational relationships and interesting relationships.Firstly, blood relationships refer to the relationships between people depending on blood

26、ties. Therefore, it is common to think that blood relationships are produced by marriage or family birth which includes the relationships of parents and children, brothers and sisters, and so on. In the China traditional culture clannism, the common custom principle and the blood relationship cultur

27、e are transmitted from one generation to another. So the blood relationship plays an important role in the development of Chinese culture and harmonization of family life. Geographical relationships mean the interpersonal relationships between people relying on the geographic network and manageable

28、geographic areas due to daily life, activities and communication. For example, the fellow-townsmen relationship and the neighborhood relationship are the typical geographical relationship in our daily life.Occupational relationships indicate the relationships between people formed by occupational ti

29、es, such as colleague relationship, relationship between superiors and subordinates, relationship between teachers and students, alliance relationship.Interests relationships refer to the relationship among people depending on interests and hobbies including friendships, love relationship and so on.

30、Types based on the psychological disposition can be divided into master-slave type, cooperating type and competitive type.Master-slave type is the basic interpersonal relationship especially for those people who work and live in the specific situation. A significant number of people are likely to go

31、vern others, while a minority of people would like to obey others. Those two kinds of people work together with each other to form the master-slave interpersonal relationship.Cooperating type is the relationship between people achieving the common goal and making a profit result through cooperation.

32、 At the same time, they also have to tolerate each other in the process of working together. Competitive type is the relationship among people in competition for the purpose of obtaining their respective interests.Types based on the psychological purpose can be divided into emotional relationship, i

33、mplement relationship and mixture relationship.Emotional relationship is the demand of peoples mutual emotional communication for forming harmonious psychological atmosphere such as friendship and love affair.Implement relationship is the interpersonal type based on utilitarian profits of people, su

34、ch as customer relationship.Mixture relationship is the mixture of emotional relationship and implements relationship. Interpersonal relationships can not exist without any utilitarian element or any emotional colors. The most stable and longest interpersonal relationship is the relationship not onl

35、y a mixture of demand and interests, but also a catharsis of sensibility (Lu Weiming, Li Hong 203).2.2 The characteristics of Chinese interpersonal relationship2.2.1 Traditional ethical relationshipsThe traditional culture, habitual thought and mind of a nation are provided with strong inheritable c

36、haracteristic so that the valuable and communicative behaviour looks like an invisible rope restrict and affect peoples life style and social behaviour (Zhang Zihui 25). It is generally known that Chinese culture has a long history and is profound, so that the characteristics of Chinese traditional

37、interpersonal relationships had been profoundly influenced by Chinese traditional culture, habitual thought and mind. Therefore, traditional ethic had been regarded as the orthodox thought in ancient China and traditional interpersonal communication. So the characteristics of traditional ethical rel

38、ationships can be clearly divided into four points.First of all, family orientation was one of major characteristics in traditional Chinese society. In other word, family orientation requires Chinese people pay their attention to the family. Chinese families was embodied in family cognition, family

39、emotion and family willingness. From the point of family cognition, Chinese families focused on family continuation, family harmony, family unity, family riches and family honour. For emotion, Chinese families paid more attention to the sense of oneness, belonging, honour and disgrace, responsibilit

40、y and security. Chinese ancient people held the view that the family willingness include multiplying descendant, worshipping ancestors, interdependence, toleration, obedience and so on. As the family member, it is their duty and responsibility to complete the family mission of becoming the pride of

41、later generations and bring glory on their ancestors. Chinese people regarded family as the centre of life so that familys honour, familys unity, family goal are more important than individuals.Secondly, relationship orientation is another characteristic which plays an important role in traditional

42、relationships including relationship roles, interdependency, and relationship harmony and affinity degree. Rrelationship roles reflected that Chinese people would like to emphasize on their identity in the relations of social communication. For instance, people would like to introduce themselves to

43、elder people that “I am the son of someone” or “I am someones student.” Iinterdependency was a relationship focusing on mutual dependency in Chinese interpersonal relationship. From this point, ancient people aimed to obtain benefits and sought the common development in the process of interpersonal

44、communication. Iinterpersonal harmony is a relationship emphasizing on harmonious ddevelopment. Ancient people stressed on the harmony between god and people, man and man even ignoring the reasonable reasons. If someone destroyed this kind of harmony, no matter he was right or not, his behaviour wil

45、l be regarded as incorrect action. As a result, people will try their best to make the choice to do things conforming the others expectation to maintain harmonious relationship. Affinity degree of relationships were more important than any others societies in human historic of China. Therefore, affi

46、nity degree of relationships can be divided into family relationship, acquainted relationship and unacquainted relationship accordance with closeness degree (Li Ming, Lin Ning 6).Thirdly, authority orientation is one of characteristics also popular in traditional Chinese society. Since a large numbe

47、r of families follow the principle of father-oriented system which deeply influenced on traditional people, the authority orientation became the main part of Chinese feudal orthodox though and played an important role in the Confucianism legal idea.Finally, there was an obvious characteristic of Chi

48、nese people that they are easily affected by thoughts and behaviours of others. People are usually serious with other peoples suggestions, standards so they are easily influenced by other people in daily life (Li Ming, Lin Ning 7). 2.2.2 Modern diversified characteristics With the development of urb

49、anization and social transformation, the characteristics of Chinese modern interpersonal relationships have been greatly changed.The first characteristic is openness and diversity. In the previous system of planned economy, Chinese interpersonal relationships are far less diversified. While during t

50、he market economy and internet era, the dynamic forms of communication such as competition, fluctuation and differentiation are active in society so that breaking the past single management and obedience of static form in communication. At the same time, the networked communication is without limita

51、tion of time and space and expands the interpersonal communication and interpersonal skills, which make the Chinese modern interpersonal relationships more open, diversified and valuable.The second characteristic of modern interpersonal relationships in China is mutual benefits and anomie behavior.

52、The same as traditional relationships, modern interpersonal relationships aim to seek the mutual benefits, the development, the innovation, the high achieves and even better goal in society. Therefore, more and more people gradually realized the necessity of gaining mutual benefit in the process of

53、interpersonal communication, so they would like to connect to those people who can provide benefits and help to them. In the other hand, they have to show their ability to provide reasonable reward to those people in order to keep the balance and long-term development relationship in the interperson

54、al communication. At the same time, with the growth in the living standard, people pay much attention to the material interests, the anomie behavior of interpersonal relationships gradually appearing in daily life which embodied in alienation of interpersonal emotion and trust crisis. People gradual

55、ly tend to be ignorant of morality and stress on the importance of excessive consumption even losing emotion and loving heart in interpersonal communication. Otherwise, trust crisis has become the important factor to hinder in daily communication among acquaintances or strangers.Thirdly, the develop

56、ment of network changes the style of interpersonal communication. Indirection and universality also become the characteristics of relationships. The communicative style between people varies from face-to-face to the indirect form of man-machine-man. The restriction of space and time has been disappe

57、ared in network generation because the development of commuter and smartphone has a deep impact on peoples daily life in information ear. Last but not least, unrealism and anonymity are the other characteristics of interpersonal relationships. Internet users usually do not contact each other directly, which makes it easily to break the limitation of true traditional factors and provide incorrect information on internet such as age, appearance, social identity, background and gender (Li Ming, Lin Ning 9).2.3The characteristics of Western interpersonal relationshipsDiffere