小学英语教学与英语思维能力的培养 2

1、英语语篇教学与英语思维能力的培养江苏张家港市教育局教研室 龚海平2014.04.24深圳一、语篇教学的概念1. 语篇的概念2. 语篇的类型 任何文体的语言材料都是语篇。3.小学英语语篇教学的概念 小学英语语篇教学，是指对语篇的阅读理解教学，以获取、分析、整理和应用文本信息为主要目的，以阅读活动为主要教学手段、其他语言技能（听、说、写）训练包含其中的教学活动。依照这样的概念界定，即使是最简单的英语对话材料也因该放在语篇教学的高度去对待和处理。例如：A: Hello. Im Mike. Whats your name? B: Hello. My name i

2、s Tom.A: Nice to meet you, Tom.B: Nice to meet you, too.显然，上面这个只有四句话的口语对话也是属于简短语篇的。在这个对话体裁的语篇材料中就包括了几个话轮（talk-turn）：A说出的“Hello.”是话轮的开启；“Whats your name?”则是话轮的转换； “Hello. My name is Tom.”则是对上一话轮的承接；“Nice to meet you, Tom.”则是话轮的又一次转换。同时，这个对话体裁的语篇材料还涉及到了英语语言文化和语用学（Pragmatics）方面的知识，如：与人家见面打招呼要说“Hello.”；

3、与人家初次见面时可以说“Nice to meet you.”，但是再次或经常与人家见面就不能这么说了。二、语篇教学的意义 1.培养学生从整体上正确把握语篇信息的能力，而不能“只见树木，不见森林”，避免望文生义现象的产生。 2.培养学生结合上下文对具体语境中的生词的词义作出合理推断的能力。 3.培养学生运用语篇文本信息解决问题的能力。 4.培养学生的英语写作能力和发展学生的听、说交际能力，丰富学生的英语话语。三、语篇教学设计的理论基础1.二语习得理论 斯蒂芬克拉申(Stephen Krashen)的二语习得的 “输入假说”(The input hypothesis)和“ 语言习得学习（The A

4、cquisitionLearning ”Hypothesis）假说。二语习得是指在自然的或有指导的情况下通过有意识 学习或无意识学习吸收、掌握母语以外的一门语言的过程。 习得，是指调动人脑中固有的语言学习能力，像儿童习得母语那样，在交际中感悟、理解话语的意思，无意识地学会和使用第二语言。 的语言材料。 克拉申认为，只有当习得者接触到“可理解的语言输入”（comprehensive input）， 即略高于他现有语言技能水平的第二语言输入，而他又能把注意力集中于对意义或对信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时，才能产生习得。这就是他著名的 “i + 1 ” 公式。“i” 代表习得者现有的水平, “1”

5、代表略高于习得者现有水平有效输入必须具备的条件： 1）可理解性，否则就是噪音； 2）既有趣又有关； 3）非语法程序安排； 4）要有足够的输入量。 2.建构主义学习理论 建构主义的思想来源于以维果斯基为代表的认知加工学说，解释如何使客观的知识结构通过个体与之交互作用而内化为认知结构。 建构主义的目的就是要寻求适合于高级学习的教学途径随机通达教学（RandomAccess Instruction）。“随机通达教学”认为，对同一内容的学习要在不同时间多次进行，每次的情境都是经过改组的，而且目的不同分别着眼于问题的不同侧面。 3.全语言教学理论（1）“全语言教学”的语言观Goodman在秉承语言是思维

6、和交际的媒介的思想同时，认为不能仅仅为了学习一种语言而学习这种语言，学习语言就要学习这个语言所承载的文化，强调语言是整体的（inclusive），是不可割裂的（indivisible），是不可以被肢解成语音、词汇、语法规则、句式结构等若干个互不相干的语言单位的，否则就破坏了语言的整体性。主张“整体总是大于部分之和”。（2）“全语言教学”的学习观Goodman认为，语言并非先天禀赋，也不是靠模仿学会的。语言学习的过程是一个社会人际交往的过程。人们总是在不断地用自己构造的言语去与外部世界进行交流，同时这些由自己构造的言语也在不断地受到外部世界的检验（tested）、修饰（modified），进而不

7、断扬弃（abandoned）或完善（perfected）。语言的运用只有在社会语境中才能拥有其潜在的语义，也只有在具体的语境中，语言才容易被学会。习使学生受到全面教育和全面发展的过程。(3)“全语言教学”的师生观Goodman认为，应该是引导、支持、指 导、鼓励和促进学生的学习，而不是控制其学习。应该理解学生在语言学习上所采取的不同路径。他反对采用“填鸭式”的教学方式，反对总是按部就班地组织课堂教学，要创设一个支持学习的环境，还要做学生的语言示范者，还要观察学生的学习过程和反应，还要介入学生的学习活动。他认为，语言教学应该是一个通过语言学4.前语篇学说 前语篇与语篇教学的关系 1）前语篇是语篇

8、教学的基础 2）前语篇能够为语篇教学服务 3）教师要尽可能激活学生的前语篇，并引导学生将前语篇积极地为语篇学习服务，并正确地理解前语篇 4）前语篇激活的关键时机在“阅读前活动”这一教学环节四、语篇教学中英语思维能力的培养方法1. 英语思维能力培养贯穿语篇教学的各个程序2. 英语思维能力培养贯穿语篇教学的各个程序的活动(1) Before-reading activities:a. BrainstormAsk your students what words or ideas they can suggest that relate to the text that they will read

9、, or to a picture from the text or to the topic or title.b. DiscussionAsk your students to discuss a picture from the text or the title. They can talk about what they think the story will be about, who will be in it, and what might happen.c. Questioningd. Pre-teaching difficult key words(2) During-r

10、eading activities:a. Reading for the main ideaFinding key words and topic sentences;True or false sentences written on the blackboard to be checked, according to the text;Fill in the blanks in the passage with sentences, ormatch the topic sentences to some paragraphs in the text.b. Mid-text predicti

11、ngc. Reading for specific informationd. Gap-filling exerciseRemove some key words from the text, ask students to guess the missing words from the context.e. Pronoun checks and guessing unknown words3. After-reading activitiesa. Retell the story in small groups or as a class. Students act out the sto

12、ry, using their own words.b. Rewrite the story in their own words, preferably in pairs or in groups to encourage discussion.c. Discuss the story in pairs or small groups, giving their opinions of what they have read, or suggesting different endings.PEP Primary English（五年级）Unit 3Read andanswer扬州市广陵区教

13、育局 龚海平执教 2012.03.24北京Pre-reading.Read thepassage andanswerthe questions:1. Whosereport is it?2. Whatsthereport about?3. Whereis Canada?Seasons in CanadaThis is Mikes reportI love summer! In summer, the weather is usually very hot, and I can swim in the sea.Spring is beautiful, bu

14、t in Canada it often rains. And it is hard to plant flowers in the rain. I love my garden! It is so nice to watch the flowers grow.In autumn I can pick apples. They are so delicious inthe autumn. I also love to watch the leaves fall. Is that why we can call autumn “fall”?It usually snows in winter i

15、n Canada. Sometimes it snows here in Beijing, too. When it snows, I can ski.I love all the seasons. They are all beautiful and I canfind many things to do.Pre-reading.Read thepassage andanswerthe questions:1. Whosereport is it?2. Whatsthereport about?3. Whereis Canada?While-reading.Read the passage

16、again and answer the questions:1. Whats the weather like in summer in Canada?2. Is it often rainy in spring in Canada?3. What can Mike do in autumn in Canada?4. Because the leaves fall in autumn,people call autumn “fall”. Right?5. Where is Mike now? Why?6. Is it really very hot in summer in Canada?S

17、easons in CanadaThis is Mikes reportI love summer! In summer, the weather is usually very hot, and I can swim in the sea.Spring is beautiful, but in Canada it often rains. And it is hard to plant flowers in the rain. I love my garden! It is so nice to watch the flowers grow.In autumn I can pick appl

18、es. They are so delicious inthe autumn. I also love to watch the leaves fall. Is that why we can call autumn “fall”?It usually snows in winter in Canada. Sometimes it snows here in Beijing, too. When it snows, I can ski.I love all the seasons. They are all beautiful and I canfind many things to do.C

19、anada is a big country. Its n USA. There are four seasons in Canada.Mike likes summer. He can s in the sea. Spring is often r . He likes spring also, because its i to watch the flowers grow. He likes to watch the l fall in autumn. In winter, when it s , Mike can ski.He loves a the seasons, and he ha

20、s m to do ineach season.Post-reading.Read the text again, and fill in the blanks with the rightwords, one word for each blank. The first letter of each word is given.(再读课文，根据所给首字母填空，每空填写一个单词。)Canada is a big country. Its near USA. There are four seasons in Canada.Mike likes summer. He can swim in th

21、e sea. Spring isoften rainy. He likes spring also, because its interestingto watch the flowers grow. He likes to watch the leaves fall in autumn. In winter, when it snows , Mike can ski.He loves all the seasons, and he has much to do ineach season.Discussion(讨论).1. Whats the weather like in spring,

22、summer, autumn and winter in Beijing?2. What do you like to do in spring, summer,autumn and winter in Beijing?3. Which season do you like best(最喜欢) inBeijing? And why?Writing.Write a report on the seasons of Beijing.Homework.Surf the Internet and try to find out:1. Why are apples delicious in the au

23、tumn?2. Whats the average temperature(平均气温) inspring, summer, autumn and winter in Canada?译林版牛津小学英语(6A)Unit 3It was there!江苏扬州市广陵区教育局 龚海平 执教2012.09.17合肥Questions about the text:1. What day is it today?2. Where are Su Hai and Su Yang?3. What are Su Hai and Su Yang doing now?4. Wha

24、t does Su Hai want to do?5. Why is Su Yang helping Su Hai?Unit 3 It was there!It is Sports Day. All the students are very excited. Su Hai and Su Yang are watching the running race. Su Hai wants to take some photos. She is looking forher camera. Su Yang is helping her.Questions about the text:1. What

25、 day is it today?2. Where are Su Hai and Su Yang?3. What are Su Hai and Su Yang doing now?4. What does Su Hai want to do?5. Why is Su Yang helping Su Hai?Su Yang is telling her mum about Sports Day. Read the sentences. Write Tif the is true. Write Fif the sentence is false.()1. There was a running r

26、ace.)2. I wanted to take some photos.)3. The camera was in my bag.)4. The films were on the ground.Su Hai:Look, Su Yang. The boys are running.Itsvery exciting. Let me take somephotos. Su Yang, wheres my camera?Su Yang: Its in your bag.Su Hai:Let me see. No! It isnt here.Su Yang: It was there a momen

27、t ago. Where isit now?Su Hai:Is it in your bag?Su Yang: Let me see. Oh, yes, it is.Su Hai:Where are the films?Su Yang: They are in my bag.Su Hai:Can I have them, please?Su Yang: Oh, no! They arent in my bag.They were here just now. Are they in your bag?Su Hai:No, they arent.Su Yang: Where are they n

28、ow?Su Hai:Look, theyre on the ground. Canyou pick them up for me, please?Su Yang: Sure!Su Yang is telling her mum about Sports Day. Read the sentences. Write Tif the is true. Write Fif the sentence is false.()1. There was a running race.)2. I wanted to take some photos.)3. The camera was in my bag.)

29、4. The films were on the ground.What does the underlined word in each of the following sentences mean?1. The boys are running. Its very exciting.2. Su Hai: Wheres my camera? Su Yang: Its in your bag.3. Su Hai: Where are the films? Su Yang: Theyre in my bag.4. Can you pick them up for me, please?5. L

30、ook, theyre on the ground.Say in other ways.1. Su Hai: Is it in your bag?Su Yang: Let me see. Oh, yes, it is.2. Su Yang: Where are they now?Su Hai: Look, theyre on the ground. Can you pick them up for me, please?3. It is Sports Day.Read, think and answer.1. Su Hai cant find her camera and films.Why?

31、上海教育小学英语分级阅读（龚海平主编）Unit 4Paul findsawallet（语篇教学课型）江苏扬州市广陵区教育局 龚海平2012.11 西 安Questions:1. How do you usually go to school?2. What can you see on the way to school?3. What will you do if you find a book in the street?Read and answer the following questions.1.IsPaul going to school

32、on a morningor on an afternoon?How is Paul going to school, on foot or by bike?Where does Paul find a wallet? Whats in the wallet?Whose wallet is it?Does Paul return the wallet to its owner?.6.Unit 4Paul finds a walletIts a spring morning. Paul is going to school on his bike. On the way to th

33、e school, he finds a wallet and picks it up. There is two hundred and fifty dollars in the wallet. “Whose wallet is it?” he wonders.Then , an old lady comes over. Paul asks the old lady, “Is it your wallet, madam?”The old lady says, “Yes, its mine.” “Whatsin the wallet, then?” Paul asks.The old lady says, “Two hundred and fifty dollars.”Paul says, “Thats right, madam. Here you are.” And he gives the wallet back to the lady.The lady smiles and says, “You are agood boy. Here is twenty-five dollars for you. Thank you very much.”Paul says, “You are welcome,