专四阅读理解十大话题及应对策略.ppt

1、专四阅读理解十大话题及其应对策略,一、专四阅读理解十大话题,社会话题:如商场偷窃(2004),体育商业化(2002) 教育话题:如儿童择校(2001),大学教育(1997),教学方法(1997) 科技话题:如轻型飞机(1993), 昆虫思维(1994) 人物传记;某小说家(1992),个人历史(1996),姓氏溯源(2000) 历史研究:北爱尔兰问题(1992),法国变化(1993) 妇女话题:夫妻关系(2001),家电与妇女(2002) 种族话题:民族矛盾(1998) 自然话题:雪崩(1996),海啸(1997),潮汐(1992) 健康话题:饮酒与心脏病(1995) 经济话题:如瑞士银行(2

2、000),中国经济特区(2004),二、阅读理解五种材料,说明文 记叙文 议论文 描写文 应用文 (尤其是新闻报道),三、题型分析及应对策略,1主旨类 (1) What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ? (2) What does this passage mainly (primarily) concerned ? (3) The main theme of this passage is _. (4) The main point of the passage is_ (5) Which of the following is the

3、 best title for the passage ? (6) The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _. (7) On which of the following subject would the passage most likely be found in a textbook ? (8) The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _. (9) Which of the following best describes the passage a

4、s a whole ?,应对策略：,跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。主旨应该是宏观的，但又不能失之空泛。,2态度类,(1) Whats the writers attitude to ? (2) Whats the tone of the passage? (3) The authors view is _ (4) The writers attitude of this passage is apparently _. (5) The author suggests that _ (6) According to author _,应对策略：,有的文章观点明确，基

5、调清楚，这时跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。而另一些则需要阅读时对某些细节仔细琢磨。尤其应注意有些表明作者观点词汇，如形容词、副词等。,3细节类,(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? (2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? (3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? (4) The aut

6、hor mentions all of the following except . . . (5) The reason for . . .is . . . (6) The author states that . . . (7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .,应对策略：,寻读（scanning）出现关键词的相应段落，四个答案中相同的词即为关键词。仔细对比答案与文中相应细节。,4推理类,(1)The writer implies but not directly states that_. (2)

7、 It can be inferred from the passage that_. (3) The author strongly suggests that_ . (4) It can be concluded from the passage that_. (5) The passage is intended to_ . (6) The writer indicates that_ .,应对策略：,推理类题，可能是针对文章整体也可能是针对某个细节。如果是前者，跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。即可得出答案。如果是后者，寻读（scanning）相应段落并仔细研

8、读相应细节。,4词汇类,(1) According to the author ,the word means_. (2) Which of the following is nearest in meaning to ? (3) The term .in paragraph can be best replaced by . (4) Whats the meaning of in line of paragraph.? (5) As used in the line , the word refers to _.,应对策略：,寻读（scanning）定位相关词的出处。根据上下文与词的构造来猜

9、测。最好将四个选项带回文中，看看哪一个最合适。即使不是生词，也应当作生词来猜。,5指代类,(1) What does “it” refers to in Line 2, Paragraph 5? (2 )What does “they” stand for in Line 3, Paragraph 2? (3) What does “their” stand for in Line 3, Paragraph 2? (4) What does “its” refer to in Line 3, Paragraph 2?,应对策略：,寻读（scanning），定位相关代词的出处，离它最近且单复数一

10、致的名词即是。注意英语中“they”既可指代人也可指代物。,主旨类,应对策略：跳读（skimming）文章的开头、结尾及段落的首句和尾句。主旨应该是宏观的，但又不能失之空泛。,Text1,There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follo

11、ws. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they sought through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until

12、they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.,Those who believed that drama evolved out of ritual als

13、o argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and

14、 the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mim

15、ed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.,Another theory traces the theaters origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view, ta

16、les (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhy

17、thmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.,What does the passage mainly discuss? A). The origins of theater. B). The role of ritual in modern dance. C). The importance of storytelling. D). The variety of early religious activities. Key: A,Text2,A study of art histor

18、y might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war. But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also

19、religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestorsor of people very different from our owncan be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offer us a deeper understa

20、nding than can be found in most history books.,In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Span

21、ish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political” artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1808, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picassos Guernica to express the horro

22、r of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueirosas well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martinesdepicted these Mexican artists deep anger and sadness about social problems.,In the same way, art can reflect a cultures re

23、ligious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldnt read, they could still understand biblical sto

24、ries in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are unholy.,The passage is mainly discussing _. A). The difference between general his

25、tory and art history.B).The making of art history.C).What can we learn from art.D).The influence of artists on art history. Key: C,Text3,Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000BC, s

26、ome hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human life occurred

27、when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain they grew and the animals they domesticated.,Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished, fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundament

28、al inventions and innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic agriculture-that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agricultures as their primary, not merely subsidiary, source of food.,Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancie

29、nt world and the basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn creat

30、ed an even greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased numbers of people. Since surpluses of food could also be bartered for other commodities, the Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing comp

31、lexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted be the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.,The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs and pressures that encourage extended

32、-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear family was more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.,What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Why many human societies are dependent on agric

33、ulture B. The changes agriculture brought to human life C. How Neolithic peoples discovered agriculture D. Why the first agricultural societies failed Key: B,Text4,Pickpockets operate in crowded places in the hope of getting easy pickings. Dont make it easy for them. Keep wallets, purses and other v

34、aluables out of sight. If wearing a jacket, an inside pocket is the best place to use. If not, your possessions are safest in a pocket with a button-down flap. Please co-operate with the police by reporting any crimeorsuspicious activity immediately, either by dialling 110orcalling at your nearest p

35、olice station.,The main purpose of the passage is to_.A. warn people of pickpockets. B. tell people what to wear.C. describe how to catch thieves. D. explain how to contact the police. Key: A,Text5,It is widely accepted that China is a country faced with severe water shortages. Insufficient water re

36、sources have slowed agricultural development. And to make matters worse, some of the traditional Chinese irrigation methods have wasted an astonishing amount of water. In China today, the utilization efficiency of farming water is about 30-40 per cent. This figure stands in sharp contrast to develop

37、ed countries utilization average of 70-80 per cent. The low utilization efficiency has resulted from the adoption of some traditional Chinese irrigation methods. Only by using modern irrigation methods can we reduce water shortage in agriculture. One of the advantages of modern irrigation methods is

38、 that they alone can save 20-30 per cent of the present volume of wasted irrigation water.,The main topic of the passage is _.A. agricultural products B. irrigation methodsC. natural resources D. water shortages Key: B,Text6,May 5th 2002Dear Mark, Hello again! Here are my holiday plans. Ill leave on

39、 a tour of South-east Asia in August and will arrive in Singapore in September. Hope well be able to meet there. These are my travel plans:August 28th London-TokyoSeptember 1st Tokyo-BangkokSeptember 4th Bangkok-SingaporeSeptember 7th Singapore-ManilaSeptember 9th Manila-LondonLooking forward to see

40、ing you again.Best wishesChristopher,The letter is about_.A. cities in South-east Asia B. holiday greetingsC. sightseeing D. travel plans Key: D,Text7,Municipal sewage is of relatively recent origin as a pollutant. It was first brought to public attention in the 19th century by a London physician wh

41、o showed that the citys cholera outbreak had been caused by just one contaminated well. Even though the contamination ofdrinking water by disease germs has been nearly eliminated in this country, hundreds ofcommunities are still discharging raw sewage into streams and rivers. When we consider that t

42、his sewage contains effluents from toilets, hospitals, laundries, industrial plants, etc., then the potential of the pollutants as a health hazard is apparent.,The problem of municipal sewage disposal is complicated by the fact that, years ago, most cities combined their storm and waste disposal sew

43、ers. Many of these combined systems work well, but others cannot cope with sudden heavy rains. When such storms occur, water mixed with sewage may flood and disable treatment plants unless bypassed, untreated, into a stream. In either case, the people may have little protection for several days from

44、 these wastes that may contain disease germs. Even if adequately treated to eliminate the health hazard, sewage is aesthetically undesirable because of odors and colors produced. Detergents have posed a particular disposal problem. Although there is no indication that they are injurious to health, t

45、hey can cause foaming, which can clog treatment plants and, at the least, spoil the scenic beauty of streams. Rural and suburban residents should be aware that septic tanks and cesspools are a potential source of pollution to ground water supplies. This is especially true in the suburban areas with

46、a high population density and with no municipal sewage disposal and treatment system available. In some areas, sewage disposal is accomplished by cesspools. Soil research is furnishing guidelines for more effective and safer use of systems such as these.,This passage is concerned primarily with the

47、_. A. problems of waste disposal B. dangers of drinking from wells C. turbidity of polluted water D. outbreak of cholera Key: A,Text8,1 Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creature， especially human beings， have their peculiarities， but everything about

48、 the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that， among other eccentricities， eats mud， feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods， and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets？,2 For some fifty

49、 million years， despite all its eccentricities， the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet， under rocks in shallow water， or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores， it has the abi

50、lity to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.,3 Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors， ranging from black to reddish brown to sand color and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber shaped-hence their name-and because the

51、y are typically rock inhabitants， this shape， combined with flexibility， enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean currents.,4 Although they have voracious appetites， eating day and night， sea cucumbers have the capacity to become quiescent and live at a low

52、metabolic rate-feeding sparingly or not at all for long periods， so that the marine organisms that provide their food have a chance to multiply. If it were not for this faculty， they would devour all the food available in a short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.,5 But the

53、most spectacular thing about the sea cucumber is the way it defends itself. Its major enemies are fish and crabs， when attacked， it squirts all its internal organs into water. It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is att

54、acked or even touched； it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.,The fourth paragraph of the passage primarily discusses_. A. the reproduction of sea cucumbersB. the food sources of sea cucumbers C. the eating habits of sea cucumbers D

55、. threats to sea cucumbers existence Key: C,TEXT 9,Glacier National Park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for

56、ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.,With encouragement from the park, local landowners i

57、nitiated a land use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an inter local agreement that calls for resource managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with objective of maintaining

58、 traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.,The w

59、illingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that congress would impose a legislative solution. Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area. Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improved understanding of all concerns.,The passage mainly discusses_. A. the endangered sp