虚拟语气讲解及练习题(含答案和解释)word文档

一简介虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。二应用条件虚拟语气常在表示条件和结果的状语从句中。在表示与事实相反的虚拟语气时动词有三种时态现在时，过去时，将来时，过去完成时，现在完成时。在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气在什么情况下用虚拟语气在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或表示某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。三虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句真EGIFHEDOESNTHURRYUP,HEWILLMISSTHEBUS如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。真实条件状语（不是虚拟语气）IFHEISFREE,HEWILLASKMETOTELLSTORIES如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实条件状语）（不是虚拟语气）非真EGIFIWEREYOU,IWOULDGOATONCE如果我是你，我马上就会去。（非真实条件状语从句）IFTHEREWERENOAIR,PEOPLEWOULDDIE如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实条件状语从句）2、用法及动词形式1、表示与现在事实相反的情况IF主语过去时其他主语SHOULD/WOULD/COULD/MIGHTDO其他例1IFIWEREYOU,IWOULDTAKEANUMBRELLA如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实我不可能是你）2IFIKNEWHISTELEPHONENUMBER,IWOULDTELLYOU如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实不知道）3IFTHEREWERENOAIRORWATER,THEREWOULDBENOLIVINGTHINGSONTHEEARTH如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。事实地球上既有空气也有水4IFIHADANYMONEYWITHME,ICOULDLENDYOUSOME如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实没带钱）5IFHESTUDIEDHARDER,HEMIGHTPASSTHEEXAM如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实没有努力2、表示与过去事实相反的情况IF主语HADDONE其他主语SHOULD/WOULD/COULD/MIGHTHAVEDONE其他例1IFIHADGOTTHEREEARLIER,ISHOULD/COULDHAVEMETHER如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实去晚了）2IFHEHADTAKENMYADVICE,HEWOULDNOTHAVEMADESUCHAMISTAKE如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实没有听我的话）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测IF主语WERETODOSTH主语SHOULD/WOULD/COULD/MIGHTDO其他IF主语DID/BEWERESTH主语SHOULD/WOULD/COULD/MIGHTDO其他IF主语SHOULDDOSTH主语SHOULD/WOULD/COULD/MIGHTDO其他例1IFHESHOULDCOMEHERETOMORROW,ISHOULD/WOULDTALKTOHIM如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实来的可能性很小）2IFTHEREWEREAHEAVYSNOWNEXTSUNDAY,WEWOULDNOTGOSKATING如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实不知能否下雪）3IFSHEWERETOBETHERENEXTMONDAY,IWOULDTELLHERABOUTTHEMATTER如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。在表示建议、命令、要求等含义的宾语从句，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，“SHOULD动词原形“构成，SHOULD可省略。4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如IFIHADWORKEDHARDATSCHOOL,IWOULDBEANENGINEER,TOO如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了IFTHEYHADINFORMEDUS,WEWOULDNOTCOMEHERENOW如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如IFHEWEREFREETODAY,WEWOULDHAVESENTHIMTOBEIJING如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。IFHEKNEWHER,HEWOULDHAVEGREETEDHER要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如IFITHADNOTBEENRAININGTOOMUCH,THECROPSWOULDBEGROWINGMUCHBETTER如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄稼会长得更好。IFHEHADBEENWORKINGHARD,HEWOULDBEWORKINGINTHEOFFICENOW要是他一直努力工作的话，他现在已进了办公室了。5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有WERE,SHOULD,HAD时，IF可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将WERE,SHOULD,HAD等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如SHOULDHEAGREETOGOTHERE,WEWOULDSENDHIMTHERE要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。WERESHEHERE,SHEWOULDAGREEWITHUS如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。HADHELEARNTABOUTCOMPUTERS,WEWOULDHAVEHIREDHIMTOWORKHERE如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如WITHOUT,BUTFOR等BUTFORHISHELP,WEWOULDBEWORKINGNOW要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。WITHOUTYOURINSTRUCTION,IWOULDNOTHAVEMADESUCHGREATPROGRESS要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。WEDIDNTKNOWHISTELEPHONENUMBEROTHERWISEWEWOULDHAVETELEPHONEDHIM我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。7、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。省略从句HEWOULDHAVEFINISHEDIT他本该完成了。YOUCOULDHAVEPASSEDTHISEXAM你应该能通过这次考试了。省略主句IFIWEREATHOMENOW要是我现在在家里该多好啊。IFONLYIHADGOTIT要是我得到它了该多好啊。、虚拟语气（SUBJUNCTIVEMOOD的其他用法1、虚拟语气用在WISH后的宾语从句A、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式EGIWISHIHADYOURBRAINS我希望我有你那样的头脑。事实我根本比不上你B、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词HADDONE动词过去分词）EGIWISHIHADKNOWNTHETRUTHOFTHEMATTER我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。（事实原来不知道）C、表示将来难以实现的愿望谓语动词SHOULD/WOULD动词原形EGIWISHISHOULDHAVEACHANCEAGAIN我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实很难再有这样的机会了）注IFONLY和ASIF/ASTHOUGH也有相同用法）2、虚拟语气用在目的状语从句中1在FORFEARTHAT,INCASE,LEST引导的，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为SHOULD动词原形。并且SHOULD不能省略SHEEXAMINEDTHEDOORAGAINFORFEARTHATATHIEFSHOULDCOMEIN她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。HESTARTEDOUTEARLIERLESTHESHOULDBELATE他很早就出发了以防迟到。2、在SOTHAT,INORDERTHAT所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为CAN/MAY/COULD/MIGHT/WILL/WOULD/SHOULD动词原形。HEGOESCLOSERTOTHESPEAKERSOTHATHECANHEARHIMCLEARER他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。HEREADTHELETTERCAREFULLYINORDERTHATHESHOULDNOTMISSAWORD他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。3、虚拟语气的其他用法1、一想要DESIRE二宁愿PREFER三命令ORDERCOMMAND四建议ADVICESUGGESTPROPOSE五要求DEMANDREQUIREREQUESTDESIREINSIST中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用“SHOULD动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。如HESUGGESTEDTHATWESHOULDTAKETHETEACHERSADVICEHEINSISTEDTHATWESHOULDTAKETHETEACHERSADVICEHEDEMANDTHATWESHOULDTAKETHETEACHERSADVICEHEORDEREDTHATWESHOULDTAKETHETEACHERSADVICE注INSIST如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。如HEINSISTHEISASTUDENT他坚持说他是个学生。这个语句表示的是事实，因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。SUGGEST意为“建议”才用虚拟语气，意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。如HISFACESUGGESTSTHATHELOOKSWORRIED他的表情暗含着他很担心。这个句子本身是事实，因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。表情绪观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气如NECESSARYIMPORTANTIMPOSSIBLENATURALSTRANGESURPRISINGFUNNYRIGHTWRONGBETTERAPITY等。句型ITISTHAT结构后的主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用SHOULD原型或只用动词原型。虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详百度百科之方式状语从句词条。2、在EVENIF,EVENTHOUGH所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与IF所引导的条件从句结构相同。如EVENIFHEWEREHEREHIMSELF,HESHOULDNOTKNOWWHATTODO即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。NOBODYCOULDSAVEHIMEVENTHOUGHHUATUOSHOULDCOMEHERE即使华佗在世也救不了他。3、在WHATEVER，WHICHEVER，WHENEVER，WHOEVER,WHEREVER，HOWEVER,NOMATTERWHWORD等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为MAY动词原形指现在或将来。如WEWILLFINISHITONTIMENOMATTERWHAT/WHATEVERMAYHAPPEN不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。WEWILLFINDHIMWHEREVER/NOMATTERWHEREHEMAYBE无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。IWILLWAITFORHIMNOMATTERHOWLATEHEMAYCOME不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。MAY完成式指过去，主句结构不限。如YOUMUSTNTBEPROUDWHATEVER/NOMATTERWHATGREATPROGRESSYOUMAYHAVEMADE不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲WEMUSTRESPECTHIMNOMATTERWHAT/WHATEVERMISTAKESHEMAYHAVEMADE不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。4、一般WOULDRATHER,HADRATHER,WOULDSOONER等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去HAD过去分词；现在过去时BE用WERE将来过去时BE用WERE如IDRATHERYOUHADSEENTHEFILMYESTERDAY我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。IDRATHERYOUWEREHERENOW我倒想你现在在这儿。WEDRATHERYOUWENTHERETOMORROW我们倒想你明天去那儿5、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为ITISHIGH/ABOUTTIMETHAT主语动词的过去式/SHOULD动词原形，即从句用虚拟过去式。如ITISTIMETHATIWENTTOPICKUPMYDAUGHTERATSCHOOL我该去学校接我的女儿了。ITISHIGHTIMEYOUSHOULDGOTOWORK你早该上班了。6、简单句中的虚拟语气（1）说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为WOULD/COULD/MIGHT/SHOULD原形动词。如WOULDYOUMINDMYSHUTTINGTHEDOOR我把门关起来你介意吗YOUSHOULDALWAYSLEARNTHISLESSONBYHEART你要把这个教训牢记于心。ISHOULDAGREEWITHYOU我应该同意你的观点。（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用“MAY主语动词原形其他”。如MAYYOUHAVEAGOODJOURNEY祝你一路顺风。MAYYOURYOUTHLASTFOREVER祝你青春永驻。（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如LONGLIVETHECOMMUNISTPARTYOFCHINA中国共产党万岁。GODBLESSUS上帝保佑。（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。1提出请求或邀请。如WOULDYOULIKETOHAVEATALKWITHUSTHISEVENING今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗COULDIUSEYOURBIKENOW我可以用一下你的单车吗2陈述自己的观点或看法。如ISHOULDGLADTOMEETYOU见到你我会很高兴。IWOULDTRYMYBESTTOHELPYOU我会尽力帮助你。3提出劝告或建议。如YOUDBETTERASKYOURFATHERFIRST你最好先问一问你的父亲。YOUSHOULDMAKEAFULLINVESTIGATIONOFITFIRST你应该先全面调查一番。4提出问题。如DOYOUTHINKHECOULDGETHEREONTIME你认为他能按时来吗DOYOUEXPECTHEWOULDTELLUSTHETRUTH你期望他会告诉我们真相吗5表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为“情态动词HAVE过去分词”。如YOUSHOULDHAVEGOTHEREEARLIER你应该早就到这里了。YOUSHOULDHAVERETURNEDITTOHIM你应该把它还给他了。练习以及解析1IENJOYEDTHEMOVIEVERYMUCHIWISHI_THEBOOKFROMWHICHITWASMADEAHAVEREADBHADREADCSHOULDHAVEREADDAREREADING2YOUARELATEIFYOU_AFEWMINUTESEARLIER,YOU_HIMACOMEWOULDMEETBHADCOMEWOULDHAVEMETCCOMEWILLMEETDHADCOMEWOULDMEET3THETWOSTUDENTSTALKEDASIFTHEY_FRIENDSFORYEARSASHOULDBEBWOULDBECHAVEBEENDHADBEEN4ITISIMPORTANTTHATI_WITHMRWILLIAMSIMMEDIATELYASPEAKBSPOKECWILLSPEAKDTOSPEAK5HELOOKEDASIFHE_ILLFORALONGTIMEAWASBWERECHASBEENDHADBEEN6IFTHEDOCTORHADCOMEEARLIER,THEPOORCHILDWOULDNOT_AHAVELAIDTHEREFORTWOHOURSBHAVEBEENLIEDTHEREFORTWOHOURSCHAVELIEDTHEREFORTWOHOURSDHAVELAINTHEREFORTWOHOURS7IWISHTHATI_WITHYOULASTNIGHTAWENTBCOULDGOCHAVEGONEDCOULDHAVEGONE8LETSSAYYOUCOULDGOTHEREAGAIN,HOW_FEELAWILLYOUBSHOULDYOUCWOULDYOUDDOYOU9ICANTSTANDHIMHEALWAYSTALKSASTHOUGHHE_EVERYTHINGAKNEWBKNOWSCHASKNOWNDHADKNOWN10_THEFOG,WESHOULDHAVEREACHEDOURSCHOOLABECAUSEOFBINSPITEOFCINCASEOFDBUTFOR11IFYOUHADTOLDMEINADVANCE,I_HIMATTHEAIRPORTAWOULDMEETBWOULDHADMETCWOULDHAVEMETDWOULDHAVEMEET12MIKECANTAKEHISCARAPARTANDPUTITBACKTOGETHERAGAINICERTAINLYWISHHE_MEHOWATEACHESBWILLTEACHCHASTAUGHTDWOULDTEACH13IWOULDHAVETOLDHIMTHEANSWERHADITBEENPOSSIBLE,BUTI_SOBUSYTHENAHADBEENBWERECWASDWOULDBE14HESWORKINGHARDFORFEARTHATHE_ASHOULDFALLBEHINDBFELLBEHINDCMAYFALLBEHINDDWOULDFALLENBEHIND15IFIT_ANOTHERTENMINUTES,THEGAMEWOULDHAVEBEENCALLEDOFFAHADRAINEDBWOULDHAVERAINEDCHAVESEENDRAINED16HESUGGESTEDTHATTHEY_USEATRICKINSTEADOFFIGHTINGASHOULDBWOULDCDODHAD17MYFATHERDIDNOTGOTONEWYORKTHEDOCTORSUGGESTEDTHATHE_THEREANOTWENTBWONTGOCNOTGODNOTTOGO18IWOULDHAVEGONETOTHEMEETINGIFI_TIMEAHADHADBHAVEHADCHADDWOULDHAVEHAD19WOULDYOURATHERI_BUYINGANEWBIKEADECIDEDAGAINSTBWILLDECIDEAGAINSTCHAVEDECIDEDDSHALLDECIDEAGAINST20YOULOOKSOTIREDTONIGHTITISTIMEYOU_AGOTOSLEEPBWENTTOSLEEPCGOTOBEDDWENTTOBED21WHYDIDNTYOUBUYANEWCARIWOULDHAVEBOUGHTONEIFI_ENOUGHMONEYAHADBHAVEHADCWOULDHAVEDHADHAD22IFSHECOULDSEW,_ASHEMAKEADRESSBSHEWOULDHAVEMADEASHIRTCSHEWILLMAKEASHIRTDSHEWOULDHADMADEACOAT23_TODAY,HEWOULDGETTHEREBYFRIDAYAWOULDHELEAVEBWASHELEAVINGCWEREHETOLEAVEDIFHELEAVES24HISDOCTORSUGGESTEDTHATHE_ASHORTTRIPABROADAWILLTAKEBWOULDTAKECTAKEDTOOK25THEBAKERSARRIVEDLASTNIGHTIFTHEYDONLYLETUSKNOWEARLIER,_ATTHESTATIONAWEDMEETTHEMBWELLMEETTHEMCWEDHAVEMETTHEMDWEVEMETTHEM26IFI_YOU,I_MOREATTENTIONTOENGLISHIDIOMSANDPHRASESAWASSHALLPAYBAMWILLPAYCWOULDBEWOULDPAYDWEREWOULDPAY27WEMIGHTHAVEFAILEDIFYOU_USAHELPINGHANDAHAVENOTGIVENBWOULDNOTGIVECHADNOTGIVENDDIDNOTGIVE28THELAWREQUIRESTHATEVERYONE_HISCARCHECKEDATLEASTONCEAYEARAHASBHADCHAVEDWILLHAVE29ITISSTRANGETHATHE_SOAWOULDSAYBWOULDSPEAKCSHOULDSAYDWILLSPEAK30HADIKNOWNHERNAME,_AORDOESSHEKNOWMINEBANDWHEREDOESSHELIVECSHEWOULDBEBEAUTIFULDIWOULDHAVEINVITEDHERTOLUNCH31HEHASJUSTARRIVED,BUTHETALKSASIFHE_ALLABOUTTHATAKNOWBKNOWSCKNOWNDKNEW32IFI_THEMONEY,IWOULDHAVEBOUGHTAMUCHBIGGERCARAPOSSESSEDBOWNEDCHADDHADHAD33HEWASVERYBUSYYESTERDAYOTHERWISE,HE_TOTHEMEETINGAWOULDCOMEBCAMECWOULDHAVECOMEDWILLCOME34THELIBRARIANINSISTSTHATJOHN_NOMOREBOOKSFROMTHELIBRARYBEFOREHERETURNSALLTHEBOOKSHEHASBORROWEDAWILLTAKEBTOOKCTAKEDTAKES35ILEFTVERYEARLYLASTNIGHT,BUTIWISHI_SOEARLYADIDNTLEAVEBHADNTLEFTCHAVENTLEFTDCOULDNTLEAVE36IDONOTHAVEAJOBIWOULDFINDONEBUTI_NOTIMEAHADBDIDNTHAVECHADHADDHAVE37IWISHTHATYOU_SUCHABADHEADACHEBECAUSEIMSURETHATYOUWOULDHAVEENJOYEDTHECONCERTAHADNTBDIDNTHAVEHADCHADNTHADDHADNTHAVE38HEINSISTEDTHATWEALL_INHISOFFICEATONEOCLOCKABEBTOBECWOULDBEDSHALLBE39HELENCOULDNTGOTOFRANCEAFTERALLTHATSTOOBADIMSURESHEWOULDHAVEENJOYEDITIF_ASHESGONEBSHELLGOCSHEDGONEDSHEDGO40IMUSTGOTHEREEARLIERJOHNHASSUGGESTEDTHATI_ANHOURBEFORETHEDISCUSSIONBEGINSAGOBSHALLGOCWILLGODWOULDGO15BBDAD610DDCAD1115CDCAA1620ACAAD2125DBCCC2630DCCCD3135DDCCB3640DCACA解析1WISH后面用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用过去完成时。2条件句表示与过去事实相反，