出口商品的价格条款

Price Terms of ExportsIn foreign trade, it is also important to learn about the prices of goods or quotations generally supplied by exporters and about the important points to be included in the contract of sale in an export and import transaction.Export transactions based on the contract of sale usually embody special price terms which are not customary in the home trade. The most common of these terms are the f.o.b and c.i.f., but there are others which likewise call for attention.These terms have been developed by international mercantile custom and have simplified , to a certain extent, standardized, the sale of goods abroad. They are in universal use in foreign trade transactions. They are , however, sometimes interpreted differently in various countries and their meaning may be modified by agreement of the parties, the custom of a particular trade or the usage prevailing in a particular port.F.A.S (Named Vessel in the Port of Shipment)Under the term f.a.s. (free alongside ship), the sellers responsibility and risk in respect of the goods is discharged when they are carried alongside the ship so that they can be placed on board either in the ships tackle, or by a shore-crane or some other means. The actual loading of the goods over the ships rail is berthed alongside a wharf or quay, the goods have to be placed ashore near her anchorage; where the ship cannot enter the port or is anchored in the stream, the seller has to provide and pay for lighters which will take the consignment alongside the ship or vessel.The buyers obligations are as follows:1. Charter a vessel or reserve the necessary space on board a vessel and pay the costs.2. Give the seller adequate notice of the name of the vessel, sailing date, lading berth and delivery time alongside the vessel.3. Bear all charges and risks of the goods, from the time they have been effectively delivered alongside the vessel, and cover the necessary insurance.F.O.B. (Named Prot of shipment)离岸价格The seller when selling f.o.b. (free on board) assumes still further responsibilities as compared with f.a.s. He undertakes to place the goods on board a ship that is berthed at the agreed port of shipment. All charges incurred up to and including the delivery of the goods over the ships rail have to be borne by the seller while the buyer has to pay all subsequent charges, such as the stowage of the goods on board ship, freight, marine insurance as well as unloading charges,import duties and other incidental charges dur on arrival of the consignment in the port of destination.When goods are sold on f.o.b. terms, it is usually the duty of the buyer to arrange the freight and marine insurance cover, and these expenses have to be borne by the buyer.Where the f.o.b seller, upon request by the buyer, undertakes to ship and insure the goods sold, he would generally make out tow invoices, one invoice showing the f.o.b. values of the goods including all expenses up to the delivery of the goods over the ships rail, and another invoice showing the additional services which he has performed , and in particular the costs of prepaid freight and marine insurance and any commission which might be due to him.Under the f.o.b. term the risk with respect to the consignment passes from the seller to the buyer when the goods are shipped; normally this means when they are delivered over the ships rail.In the case that an export licence may be required, normally the parties agree expressly or by implication that such export licence shall be procured by the seller. If the contract does not expressly provide for it , such implication is readily prompted when the f.o.b. term occurs in an export transaction and , to the knowledge of both parties, regulations requiring an export licence are in existence in the country of shipment at the date of the contract or according to those reulations the seller , or his local supplier, is the only party competent to apply for the licence.C.I.F. (Named Port of description)到岸价格This is perhaps the most characteristic export price term which the custom of the merchants has evolved.The term c.i.f.(cost, insurance,freight) is a type of contract which is more widely and more frequently in use than any other contract used for purposes of sea-borne commerce. An enormous number of transactions, in value amounting to untold sums , is carried out every year under c.i.f. contracts.The c.i.f. transaction embodies elements of three contracts, viz. the contract of sale, the contract of carriage by sea and the contract of insurance.The sellers obligations under c.i.f. contract have been defined as follows:1. To ship at the port of shipment goods of the description contained in the contract.2. To procure a contact under which the goods will be delivered at the destination contemptaed by the contract.3. To arrange for an insurance upon the terms current in the trade which will be available for the benefit of the buyer.4. To make out an invoice which normally will debit the buyer with the agreed price, or the actual cost, commission charges, freight and insurance premium(保险费).5. To tender the relative documents to the buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods, if they arrive, or recover for their loss if they are lost on the voyage.Under the c.i.f. term, the sellers responsibility for the goods ends when he delivers them at the port of shipment on board ship into the shipowners custody(监护) and the goods travel at the buyers risk although the seller is responsible for the payment of the freight and the marine insurance premium. The goods are deemed to be delivered to buyer when the Bill of Lading is delivered to him.Import duties have to be paid , in the case of c.i.f. contract, by the buyer while export licences have to be obtained by the seller who likewise would be responsible for export duties in the rare cases where they are levied(征税).C. and F. (or C & F) （Named Port of Destination）The term c. and f. stands for cost and freight. Under this price term the seller has to arrange the carriage of the goods to the named foreign port of destination at his expense but not at his risk (which ceases when he places the goods on board ship at the place of shipment), but he has not to arrange marine insurance which is the concern of the buyer and , if effected, has to be paid by him. In this respect it differs from the ordinary c.i.f. contr