外文翻译--切削液的绿色设计及应用.doc

附录1英文原文THEGREENDESIGNANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFCUTTINGFLUIDABSTRACTCuttingfluidsaretheimportantassistmaterialsformachining.However；asapplyingcuttingfluidsasalsobringsaboutseveralenvironmentproblems.Inordertorealizegreenmanufacturing,studyonthegreendesignandgreenapplicationofthecuttingfluidswillbemosteffectiveway.Thegreendesignoffluidsisdesignfortheenvironmentprotection.Itcontainsthatthewater-solublecuttingfluidswillgoinsteadofcuttingoils,thevegetableoilsandsyntheticesteraresubstitutedformineraloilandthegreenadditivesaredeveloped.Thegreenapplicationdemandsthecuttingfluidsdoesntharmoperatorandthepollutionofenvironmentisthelowestinmetalcutting.Theconcretestepistostrengthenthecuttingfluidsmanagementandsafeguard,tospreadtheconcentratedcoolingandlubricatingsystems,tousetheprotectingdeviceandtoadoptthesealingcutting.Moreover,thenewtechnologiesofdisposingwastercuttingfluidswillbewidelyspreadedanddeveloped.1INTRODUCTIONAsdevelopingindustryleadstonewmaterialcivilizationitalsobringsaboutseveralenvironmentproblems.Withthepollutionmoreserioustheseproblemsofenvironmentandnaturalresourceshavebeengenerallyrealized.Consequently,manynationalgovernmentshaveproclaimedalotofmainstayofcreatingthewealthofthesociety；mechanicalmanufacturingindustriesarealsothemainsourceoftheenvironmentpollution.Howtodecreaseoreliminatethemanufacturingpollutionbecomesanewsubject.Then,thegreenmanufacturingistheimportantpartofthesustaineddevelopmentstrategyandisthemodernmanufacturingmodelofoverallconsideringenvironmentprotectionandnaturalresourcesutilizationratio.Seekingfortheaimisthatinfluenceofproductsonenvironmentpollutionistheleastandresourceutilizationratioisthehighestduringthewholeperiodfromdesigningandmanufacturingandusingtoscrappingofproducts.Itisconsideredthatthemachiningwillhaveoccupyingthemechanicalworkingamountoverninetypercentinthe21stcentury.Cuttingfluidsaretheimportantassistmaterialsformachining.Applyingcuttingfluidrationallycanmarkedlyimprovethemachiningqualityandproductivity；reducethetoolwearandthemachiningcosts.Inconsequence,thecuttingfluidsarewidelyappliedinthemachining.Withmansenvironmentprotectionconsciousnessenhanced,reverseinfluenceofapplyingcuttingfluidswasclearlyrecognized.Theharmofcuttingfluidsisasfollows:(1)endangeringmanshealth.Inasmachascuttingfluidsincludechemicalingredientpernicioustomanshealth,inapplyingthecuttingfluidstheymadeoperatorsbeharmedperhaps.Becauseofoperatorsdirectlytouchingthecuttingfluids,manykindsofskindiseasemaybecausedtohappen.Moreover,hightemperatureproducinginthemetalcuttingfluidbeheated,sothatformingthevaporandthesmell,maymakeoperatorsrespiratorytractandlungdiseasebeinfected.(2)Environmentpollution.Inmetalcuttingtheleakandthespilloverofthecuttingfluidsmaypolluteenvironmentandaffectsafeproduction.Todrainwastecuttingfluidswhichwerenotdisposedordidntachievethedrainstandard,considerablypolluteslend,riverandlakeandseriouslyinfluencethegrowthofanimalandplant,andecologicalenvironmentandecologicalbalanceweredestroyed.Then,thecuttingfluidsareenvironmentpollutionresourcesinthemachining.Thewayofrealizinggreenmanufacturingistoadoptdrycutandtodevelopanewtypecuttingfluidsgoodforenvironment.Thedrycutdoesntapplycuttingfluidsinthemachining,buttoolslifeisshortened,forthemachiningconditionisbadtheproductioncostsisincreased,theproductionefficiencyisreducedandthesurfacequalitymachinedworsened.Consequently,todevelopgreencuttingfluidwillbenefitthemachiningandisanurgenttaskalso.Wehopethecuttingfluidhasthefollowingproperties:(1)Harmlessforoperatorsandenvironment.(2)Excellentcooling,lubrication,rustprotectionandcleaningability.(3)Thewastecuttingfluidwasdisposedeasily.Inthefollowingthegreendesignandthegreenapplicationofthecuttingfluidwillbeconsidered.2THEGREENDESIGNOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDSThetraditiondesignonlyconsidersthequalityandcostsothatitdoharmtotheoperatorandtheenvironmentalpollutionandwastetheresources,hamperingthesustaineddevelopment.Thegreendesignofthecuttingfluidgoesroundtheenvironmentprotection,andobeysfollowingrules.(1)Nontoxic.Thisismostimportant.Thegreencuttingfluiddidntcontaintheadditivespernicioustomanshealthandtoenvironmentprotection,anditsingredientswerebiologicallydissociatedandthewastefluidwaseasilydisposed.(2)Highfunction.Thegreencuttingfluidpossessesexcellentcooling,lubricationandcleanabilityanditcansatisfytheneedsofmodernmachining.(3)Longlife.Thegreencuttingfluidcanmaintainexcellentpropertiesinthelongerperiodofuse,sothattheefficacyofthecuttingfluidcanenoughutilizedandthedrainageamountofwastefluidisreduced.(4)Goodeconomy.Inorderthatthegreencuttingfluidiswidelyappliedtothemachiningthepriceofthegreencuttingfluidcanbeaccepted.Thetaskofthegreendesignisasfollows:2.1ThewaterSolubleCuttingFluidswillGoInsteadofthecuttingOilsThecuttingoilscomprisemineraloils,rustinhibitors,biocidesandboundarylubricants.Itsadvantagesareexcellentlubricatingability,goodwettabilityofsurfaces,goodrustprotection,however,itslimitationsarehighercost,poorcoolingability,smokegeneration,firehazards,messinessandpossiblehealthhazard.Furthermore,mineraloilresourcesarebecominglessandlessandhumanitywillfacethatpetroleumresourcewasexhausted.Theadvantagesofwater-solublecuttingfluidarelowercost,goodheatremoval,higherspeedcapability,cleanlinessandfreedomfromoilmist.Consequently,thesubstitutionofthewater-solublecuttingfluidsforcuttingoilscanmeetthedemandsofhumanityhealthandenvironment-friendly.Syntheticfluidsandsemi-syntheticfluidsoughttobegreatlydeveloped.2.2TheSubstitutionofVegetableOilsandSyntheticEsterforMineralOilIncuttingfluidsthemineraloilismaincomponentandplaylubricantpart,butitswasteliquidbiologicallydissociatedandmakeenvironmentbepollution.Naturalvegetableoilssuchassunfloweroil,rapeoil,castoroilandSoya-beanoiletc.Havetheadvantageswhicharenon-poisonforhumanityandenvironment,goodbiodegradationandreprocessingproperty,butthelimitationsarepoorstabilityandhighcost.Table1BaseoilsbiodegradationBaseoilsBiodegradationratioMineraloils040Naturalvegetableoils90100Esteroils90100Syntheticesterscomprisepolyatomicalcoholester,binaryandcompoundeateretc.,anditsadvantagesarenon-poison,goodhightemperaturepropertyandoxidationresistanceandlubricatingability,whileitsdefectsarehighcostandpoorhydrolysisstability.Then,thevegetableoilscooperatewithsyntheticestersissubstitutedformineraloils,sothatnotonlydoesthecuttingfluidpropertiesremainthesamebuttheenvironmentaswellisnotpolluted.2.3StudyonGreenAdditivesCuttingfluidscomprisemineraloil,extremepressurelubricants,oilnessagents,rustinhibitors,surfactantsandbiocidesetcandthepropertiesdependmainlyonthefunction.Then,thestudyontheadditivesistheke