写作的基本要求与技巧

第一节: 大学英语写作的基本要求 第二节: 如何写好句子 句子的基本概念 Exercise 12 参考答案 写好句子的基本要求 Exercise 34 参考答案 句子表达方式的多样化 Exercise 5 参考答案 第三节：如何写好段落 怎样写主题句 Exercise14 参考答案 怎样写扩展句 Exercise510 参考答案 怎样写结束句 Exercise11 参考答案 第四节：如何按考试规定写作 段首句作文 按提纲作文 标题作文 关键词作文 情景作文 看图作文 缩写与摘要作文 第五节：应试技巧 作文题评分标准及说明及标准样卷 应试技巧 注意事项 第六节、写作练习（10 题） 第七节、参考范文 第一节: 大学英语写作的基本要求 大学英语教学大纲中对写作能力总的要求是“能运用学到的词汇、语法 结构和功能意念按规定的题目和提示在半小时内写出词左右的 短文，基本上能表达思想，文理基本通顺，无重大语法错误。“ 大学英语四级考试大纲则具体而明确地规定：试卷的第五 部分是写作（Writing），共一题，考试时间分钟。 要求考生在规定的时 间内写出词的短文。四级考试大纲中明确指出：写作部分的“试 卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出各段首句要求续写， 或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法 错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识“。“ 短文写作的目的是测试学生用英 语书面表达思想的初步能力。“ 根据教高司1995115 号文件精神，为了进一步改善全国大学英语四、六级 考试，使之更好地为教学服务，大学英语考试委员会拟逐步采取三项改革措施， 其中第二项措施是“设作文最低分 “。“纪要“中指出：作文是一种对语言表达能力 的直接考试。作文对考生语言能力的测试最准确，效度最高，因此作文作为一 种题型，对教学的后效最好。为使各校重视写作教学，以使学生在基础阶段打 下较扎实的英语基本功，拟设作文最低分。如作文为零分，则其余项目不论考 多少分均判不及格；如作文低于某一分值（如分），则其余项目得分必须较 高才作为及格。 从以上要求不难看出，作为语言基本功的一项重要内容，无论是在今后的 教学实施中还是作为一种测试手段，“写作“ 都将得到进一步的加强和提高。因此， 在大学英语基础阶段的学习过程中，学生必须高度重视写作训练，从入学一开 始就强调打牢语言基础, 方能从根本上大幅度地提高英文写作的能力。 第二节: 如何写好句子 第二节: 如何写好句子 相当一部分学生一提到用英文写作，就惊恐万分，不知所措。他们不知如 何下笔，从何写起，怎样组织。有些考生勉强写了个开头，便思路堵塞，中途 搁笔。甚至还有不少考生干脆不用英文写作，而是先想好中文的句子，然后逐 句翻译成英文，凑成一篇中文味很浓的英语短文, 即我们称之为的“Chinglish“。 其实，英文写作并不像他们想象得那样高不可攀。只要我们一入学就注重 打牢语言基本功，潜心学习英文写作的一些基本要求和方法技巧，经过一定时 期的训练，完全能够写出符合四级考试大纲要求的高质量的短文。 我们知道，文章是由各个段落组成的，而段落则是由一个个句子组成的。 句子是一个在语法上可以独立运用、能够表达完整意思的基本语言单位。要想 写出高质量的文章，必须首先从学会写句子入手。 一、句子的基本概念 学习写句子之前，首先要在概念上弄清楚英文句子的基本句型和句子种类。 、五种基本句型 英文句子的直接成分是主语和谓语，构成主语的名词词组在结构上比较单 一，而构成谓语的动词词组在结构上却多种多样，它们可以由单独一个动词独 立构成，也可以是带有宾语或补语的动词。谓语动词的类别决定着不同的谓语 结构，而不同的谓语结构又决定着不同的句型。英语的基本句型主要有五种： 1) S+V (主语+谓语动词) 例如: |The telephone| |rang|. S V |The train| |will soon be arriving|. S V （此类句型也称为“主谓“ 结构。） 2) S+V+P (主语+谓语动词+表语) 例如: |Mr. Brown| |is| |a detective|. S V P |Her plan| |sounds| |perfect|. S V P （此类句型也称为“系表“ 结构。） 3) S+V+O (主语+ 谓语动词+宾语) 例如: |She| |opened| |the windows|. S V O |I| |have been looking for| |my lost bicycle|. S V O （此类句型也称为“动宾“ 结构。） 4) S+V+Oi+Od (主语+谓语动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语) 例如: |She| |sent| |him| |a telegram|. S V Oi Od |Mrs.Blake| |bought| |her husband| |a tie|. S V Oi Od （此类句型也称为“双宾语“ 结构。） 5) S+V+O+C (主语+谓语动词+宾语+ 补语) 例如: |The jury| |finds| |him| |guilty|. S V O C |They| |have elected| |her| |president|. S V O C （此类句型也称为“复合宾语“ 结构。） 注：英文句子中还有一种表示“存在“ 的“There+be+S“结构。例如： There is a map on the wall. There seems to be no doubt about it. （此类句型也称为“带引导词 there “结构。） 、两大句子种类 句子按其语法功能和交际功能可以分为两大类: ：按其语法功能分类的句子有三种： 1)简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子。例如： He died. Jane didnt come to my birthday party. 2)并列句: 用并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起的句子。例如： John will sing in the party and Mary will dance. I want to go with you, but Im not a member of the club. 常见的并列连词有: and, or, but, both.and, either.or,neither. nor, not only.but (also), as well as, more than; 3)复合句：用从属连词等连接主句和从句的句子。例如： Jane and Susan were great friends when they were at school. What impressed us most was his skill and knowledge. 常见的从属连词有: after, although, as, because, before,if,lest, once, since, that, till, until, when, where, whereby, whereupon, whether, while; 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 和关系副词 when, where, why, how 等也可以担任从属连词; 一些搭配也可以担任从属连词, 例如: as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, except that, for all that, for fear that, in case, in order that, in that, no matter who (how/when/where), now (that), on condition that,provided that, providing that, so far as, so long as, so that, the moment (minute/instant) that 等等。 ：按其交际功能分类的句子有四种: 1)陈述句：用以表明观点或者陈述事实。例如： He is to blame for the accident. I usually dont go to work on Saturday. 2)疑问句：用以提出问题，主要包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问 句、反意疑问句。例如： Is Tom a clerk? When did the bus leave? Are you working in a factory or on a farm? You all had a good time, didnt you? 3)祈使句：用以发出命令，提出要求或建议。例如： Be sure to get there before six. Lets start right now! 4)感叹句：用以表达某种强烈的感情。例如： How interesting! What a nice boy he is! Exercise 1: 根据谓语结构, 指出下列句子属于哪一种句型: 1.He finished in two days. 2.She dressed her children every morning. 3.The meeting will soon be over. 4.This smells really delicious. 5.Sam didnt understand what she was talking about. 6.We gave our classroom a thourough cleaning. 7.I paid him $300 for that second hand car. 8.There wont be any more trouble from now on. 9.We persuaded him to accept our plan. 10.They found the town unchanged. 11.When will you leave? 12.The new secretary liked her job very much. 13.Jack often becomes angry about nothing. 14.None of us considered the matter important. 15.The apple trees in your garden are growing very well indeed. 16.The committee decided not to cancel the match. 17.Every day the two old ladies parted in the early morning andmet late at night. 18.There must have been a plane crash the day before yesterday. 19.Could you please show me the way to the railway station? 20.Its becoming more and more expensive to travel abroad nowadays. Exercise 2: 说出下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句？ 1.I havent got the book at hand but Ill take it to you later. 2.I dont think he did it on purpose. 3.The earth has only one satellite and we call it the moon. 4.Making people feel comfortable enough to talk freely is a real art. 5.The microscope makes objects appear many times larger than they really are. 6.While a student at Beijing University, he published his first poem. 7.I said nothing more about it because of his parents being there. 8.Go and get me a pack of cigarettes. 9.Start right now or youll be fired. 10.Most people usually dont understand the value of health until they have lost it. 二、写好句子的基本要求 、句子的结构要正确 由于语言的基本功不够扎实、缺乏英文写作的基本知识、以及对英、汉两 种语言的差别不甚了解，中国学生在英文写作中经常出现一些语言错误，造成 写出的句子意思含糊不清，令人费解，严重影响信息的交流。要写出句子结构 正确的句子，中国学生应当着重避免犯以下几个方面的错误。 ）语法错误 语法错误主要集中在时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓语人称和数不一致等 方面。 病句：Well go out for a picnic if it will not rain tomorrow. 本句的从句里有一个明显的时态错误。根据语法：在表示时间的条件句中， 习惯上用一般时态代替将来时态。因此, 尽管本句的条件从句中有一个表示 将来的时间状语“tomorrow“ ，但是该从句的谓语动词也不需要用助动词“will“ ， 用一般现在时就可以了。 此句应改为：Wellgo out for a picnic if it does not rain tomorrow. 病句：He was made carry heavy load every day. 此句的错误原因是由于考生对被动语态的运用规则掌握得不够完整。语法 规定：当诸如“let, make,“等动词用在主动语态的句式中 , 作其宾语补语的动词 不定式符号“to“应省略；但是当这类动词用作被动语态的谓语动词时, 作其补 语的动词不定式的符号“to“ 则不能省略。 所以， 该句应改为：He was made to carryheavyload every day. 病句 ：Beingshortofexperience,hischancesofwinningthega me are slim. 根据语法，分词结构作状语时，其逻辑主语就是主句的主语。在本句中， 分词结构“Beingshortofexperience“ 的逻辑主语应该是主句的主语 “hischancesofwinning thegame“ ，但是这样在意思上就说不通了, his chances of winning thegame 怎么能 (are) short of experience 呢? 考生只想 到用一个分词结构来表示原因, 却忽略了逻辑主语的一致 , 故此犯了一个语法 错误。根据本句的意思，全句应该改为：Being short of experience, hehas little chance of winningthe game. 病句：Not only us but also the chairman object the suggestion. 当使用“not only.but also“的句型时，通常强调的是 “but also“ 引出的部 分，因此要求其谓语动词的人称、数要与它相一致。病句中的谓语动词却忽 视了这一点:the chairman 是第三人称单数，其谓语动词应该加 “s“，即：Not onlyusbut also the chairman objects the suggestion. 病句：Every family has their own problems. 本句的错误是人称的指代前后不一。英语的“family“是一个集体名词，既 可以表示一个抽象的“家“的概念（谓语用第三人称单数），也可以指家庭的全 体成员（复数概念）。此句的谓语动词既然用了“has“,则把“family“作为一个整 体来对待,后面的代词就不能用“their“, 而应该用“its“ ，即作为第三人称单 数看待。全句应改写成：Every family has its own problems. ）不符合英文习惯 由于英语和汉语属于两个不同的语系，加上社会文化的不同以及思维方式 的差异，诸多的因素给我们掌握地道的英语造成障碍。在写作中，尽管一些考 生的句子没有任何语法错误，但是由于不符合英文习惯，或者受汉语的影响过 深, 所以也是错句。 病句：Your pronunciation must be paid great attention to. 本句使用了被动语态，单纯从被动语态的结构上看, 没有任何语法错误。 但是从用法上看，却不符合英文习惯。当“pay attention to “短语用作被动语态 时, 习惯上把“attention“提到句首作为被动语态的主语, 而不是把“to“ 后面的 宾语提到句首去作被动语态的主语。此句若写成 Great attention must be paid to your pronunciation 就符合英文习惯了。 病句：He likes to play football and watching football matches. 考生可能为了显示自己对动词“like“的搭配掌握得好，先用一个不定式的结 构(to play football) ，再用一个动名词结构(watching football matches ), 分别担任“like“的宾语。然而，该考生却忽略了英文侧重于句子结构的平衡这一 特点，用不定式和动名词这两个完全不同的语法结构来担任同一个谓语动词的 宾语，从而破坏了该句的平衡, 收到适得其反的效果。该句应改为 He likes to play football and (to)watch football matches 或者 He likes playing football and watching football matches. 病句：Jane is not at home. She left for a long time. 本句的错误在后一句, “She left for a long time“带有浓厚的中文味：她离 开很久了。在英文里，动词“leave“属于瞬间动词， 由于此类动词的动作一般 不能延续，通常不可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，只有那些延续性动词（例 如：live,work, read）才可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。在学习英文的动 词时, 应注意归类。此病句可以改为：She left along time ago. 病句：I have gone to Beijing for three times. 此句想表达的中文意思是“我去过北京三次“ 。可能考虑到是先后三个不同 的时间去的，并且想强调对现在的影响，所以时态使用了现在完成时，似乎全 句不应该有什么错误。但是此句不符合英文的习惯。当表示“去过某地（多少 次）“的意思时，英文习惯上用“to havebeen to .“的结构，而不用“to have gone to .“的结构。此句应改写为: I have been to Beijing for three times. 病句：All of us lived very interestingly duringour short stay here. 此句的问题也在于不符合英文的习惯，完全是按照中文的意思硬翻过去的： 在这儿短暂逗留期间, 我们都过得很有意思。在英文里 , live 既可以作为及物 动词使用,构成 live a happy/poor/miserable life 等短语 , 也可以作为不及物动 词使用, 由副词来修饰它, 如 livehappily/poorly/miserably ，但习惯上不用 interestingly 这样的副词来修饰动词 live。若想表达“过得很有意思“,应该用符 合英文习惯的表达方式，如：to enjoy oneself, to have a good time 等。 此 句可改为：All ofus had a good time during our short stay here. ）句子结构不规范 在写作中，由于对英文的标点符号的用法不甚了解，或者下笔时不够细心, 写出的句子往往结构不完整, 句子显得支离破碎。下面列举几类比较典型的 错误： 病句：Yesterday, I went to a book store,Ifounda detective story book, I liked it very much，so I bought it。 英语与汉语在标点符号使用上的一个明显区别就是英语很少用逗号连接句 子，句子与句子之间通常都用句号，不用逗号。而且，较短的状语(如 yesterday)可以不用逗号分开。另外，英语的句号是实心的圆点“.“。此段应改 为：Yesterday I went to a book store. I found a detective story book. I liked itvery much.So I bought it. 病句：They export a lot of fruit. Such as oranges, apples and lemons. “such as.“，“for example“等都是短语, 不能作为一个句子来对待， 即 不能开始一个句子。但是中国学生容易忽视这个问题，经常在写作中出现此类 错误。此句应改写为：They exporta lot of fruit ,such as oranges, apples and lemons. 病句：There are several boys in our class want to go fishing. 此句的毛病出在 want to go fishing 的修饰关系上 , 它应该是修饰 boys 的, 但是这里却缺少一个关系代词“who“。这也是中国学生在使用“there be“ 句型中最容易犯的一个错误, 一定要记住当有一个定语从句修饰主语时 , 千万 不能丢掉关系词！此句应加上关系词：Thereare several boys in our class who want to gofishing. 病句：Those have finished can go now. “have finished“是一个动词，“can go now “也是一个动词，两者之间属于 什么关系？与主语“those“又是什么关系？很显然，此句在结构上缺少了某个成 分，即关系代词“who“, 应补上: Thosewhohave finished can go now. 病句：Many passengers who were drown before they swam to the shore. 有一些错误的原因并非是因为考生的英语水平不高，而是由于考生的语言 功底不够扎实、应试时心情紧张或者粗心大意而造成的，这种情况在日常的作 业中也时而发生，病句便是一个典型的例子。此句乍看似乎没有错误，其实 在语法上有一个结构错误，既然用“who“引出了一个从句 , 那么主句在哪? 此 句可改写为: There weremany passengers who were drown before they swam to the shore 或者 Manypassengers were drown before they swam to the shore. ）语意不清 语意不清也是写作中一个比较突出的问题。由于对英文接触得少, 听、读 的量不够，缺乏语言上的积累，就产生不出语感，结果在遣词造句时就容易出 现用词不当的错误，造成句子的意思模糊不清，不合逻辑。 病句：I am sorry, but Ill improve my mistake. (意为: 对不起, 我会改正我的错误的。) “improve“ 一词的本意是“makeorbecome better“, 即“ 改善，提高 “。 那么 , “improve my mistake“的意思岂不就变成了“ 改进、提高我的错误 （水平）“? 这显然不是作者的本意 , 作者是想表达“改正自己的错误“, 应该用 “correct“ 这个动词, 正确的表达是 : Im sorry, but Ill correct my mistake. 病句：Mrs. Carter said to her daughter that she was wrong. 句中的指代关系不清, 代词“she“是代指“Mrs. Carter“ ， 还是代指 “herdaughter“，似乎都可以说得通。这种模糊的指代在写作中应当尽量避免。 此句可根据不同的意思改为: Mrs. Carter acknowledgedtoher daughterthat she waswrong 或者 Mrs. Carter said to her daughter,“You are wrong.“ 病句：The master skimmed through my composition very carefully. “skim through sth.“短语的意思为 “read quickly, noting only the chiefpoints“，即“快速地阅览某内容以了解其梗概“ 。此句既然用了“skim through“,后面怎么还能再用“very carefully“？岂不前后矛盾? 此句应作相应的 变动: Themaster read my composition very carefully. 病句：I often make English mistakes becausemy grammar isnot very strong. “make English mistakes“ 是想表达什么意思？是指“犯英（国）式的错 误“还是指 “犯英语语言方面的错误“？表达得含糊不清。此外， “mygrammaris not very strong“ 一句的意思也不准确。 应该说得清楚 些：I oftenmake mistakesinmyEnglish studies because I am not very strong in grammar. 病句：The doctor cured her illness, but at last failed. “cure“的意思是“bring (a person) back to health“， 即“使（人）恢复健 康; 治愈“。依照该句英文, 中文就要翻译成：“ 医生治愈了她的病，但是终于 失败了“ 。既然医生治愈了她的病，怎么又失败了呢？显然考生没有领会“cure“ 的确切词义, 把它简单地理解为“治疗“ 的意思了, 与“treat“ 混为一谈，结果造 成了前后句的意思相互矛盾。另外，“at last“作“ 结果 “解时， 往往带有一定的 感情色彩，放在这儿使用也是不合适的。全句应改为：Thedoctortried to cure her ofthe disease,but failed in the end. Exercise 3: 纠正下列句子中存在的语法、语意不清或不符合习惯等方面的错 误。 1.Any modern novelist would be thrilled to have his stories compared with Dickens. 2.He was such an indecisive sort of person that scarcely had he uttered the words than he began to regret it. 3.Because some of the representatives still not there, the conference is put off until further notice. 4.The president of the colllege, together with the deans, are planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 5.My name is William, and most of my friends call me Bill for short. 6.A set of the companys documents is in the reference room so that any one of the office is able to use them at all times. 7.Jim spent his summmer vacation going to New York, flying to Hawaii and then to sail to Japan. 8.As I havent seen this film, its impossible for me to tell you how I think of it. 9.The library is very popular with students because of a good collection of books and because it offered comfortable surroundings. 10.After reviewing the documents, several great changes were made in the second part. 11.The story occured when I was about five years old. 12.I was told that John was famouse for football. 13.The Second World War was broken out in 1939. 14.Every word and every sentence are to be copied. 15.Looking out of the window, the garden looks beautiful. 16.Our holidays passed very pleasantly, swimming, fishing, boating and climbing the mountain. 17.Unable to solve this difficult problem, my classmate came to help me. 18.We arrived here for five days. 19.Im sorry my temper was very bad just now. 20.Leave her far away. Her heart is very narrow. 参考答案:Exercise 3 1.Any modern novelist would be thrilled to have his stories compared with those of Dickens. 2.He was such an indecisive sort of person that scarcely had he uttered the words when he began to regret it. 3.Because some of the representatives are not there, the conference is put off until further notice. 4.The president of the colllege, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 5.My name is William, but most of my friends call me Bill for short. 6.A set of the companys documents is in the reference room so that any one of the office is able to use it at all times. 7.Jim spent his summmer vacation going to New York, flying to Hawaii and then sailing to Japan. 8.As I havent seen this film, its impossible for me to tell you what I think of it. 9.The library is very popular with students because of a good collection of books and because of its comfortable surroundings. 10.After reviewing the documents, they made several great changes in the second part. 11.The story took place when I was about five years old. 12.I was told that John was famouse for his skill in playing football. 13.The Second World War was broken out in 1939. 14.Every word and every sentence is to be copied. 15.Looking out of the window, I noticed the garden looks beautiful. 16.We passed our holidays very pleasantly, swimming, fishing, boating and climbing the mountain. 17.As I was unable to solve this difficult problem, my classmate came to help me. 18.We arrived here five days ago. 19.Im sorry I was in a bad temper just now. 20.Leave her alone. She is a narrow-minded person. 、句子表达的思想要统一、完整 当一个句子表达两层或两层以上的意思时，各层意思之间通常应有一定的内在 联系，并且所表达的意思应完整，这样，就把句子组成了一个有机的整体，使 人读后对该句的意思一目了然。但是，如果为了凑长句，把两个毫不相关的意 思勉强地放在一个句子里，就破坏了句子表达思想的统一性和完整性，是不可 取的。也有的时侯，一些考生为了凑字数，会不由自主地在同一个句子里从一 个话题突然转到另外一个话题，这样做也同样会破坏句子的统一和完整。下面 的句子或多或少地都存在着这方面的问题。 1.I told him that I really liked. （从句表达的思想不完整, like 什么? 后面应该加上宾语。） 2.He wrote a letter to me and he was thirsty. （并列句表达的是两个截然不同的思想内容， 相互之间没有任何联系， 却用 and 连接在一起, 非常牵强。） 3.The electrical power is most important because we are short of it. （主从句表达的思想不是直接的因果关系，逻辑不通。） 4.Everyone tries to achieve success in his career no matter when he has his lunch. （主从句表达的思想内容没有直接的联系。） 5.Tom bought a stereo and he went abroad. （并列句表达的思想不统一。） 6.Jane often writes home and tells her parents. （句子表达的思想不完整, tell 什么? ） 7.Traffic accidents can only be avoided by careful driving and I dont think there is any need for people to buy a car of their own. （前后句表达的思想内容互不相干, 无法用 and 连接在一起。） 8.I am so interested in stamp-collecting that I dont go to the super market where there are lots of people. （主从句表达的思想内容不统一，尤其是 where 引出的从句, 与主题 毫不相关, 纯属多余。） 9.Physical exercises can increase the circulationof the blood which is needed by everyone of us. （主从句表达的思想内容不统一，which 引出的从句, 在意思上显得牵 强，应当删去。） 10.I believed that science was a great force to push our society forward and I wouldnt burn the midnight oil. （句子表达的思想内容前后不统一，无任何联系。） 、句子的用词要简炼 “言以简洁为贵“ 。写作过程中要尽量避免表达意思的重复，删去那些模凌 两可、意同词不同的单词、短语。下面的句子就不够简洁，需作修改。 1.Sam is a recent newcomer to our offic. （newcomer 的意思已经很明确, recent 为多余。） 2.The money he has earned is not sufficient enough for his needs. （sufficient 的意思已经很明确 , 不需要再用 enough。） 3.No one would tell the true fact. （face 的本意就是“事实“, 没有必要用 true 来修饰它。） 4.She first began to travel by air when she was only a baby. （began 已经包括了 first 的意思, 应删去 first。） 5.Jane was greatly frightened with fear at the sight ofa snake under her bed. （frighten 的意思已经很明确, with feat 为多余。） 6.In this modern world of today, people never walk when they can ride. （modern world 的意思是“当代“, of tody 为重复, 应删去。） 7.Without a doubt, the chairman will surely cancel the meeting. （without a doubt 与 surely 在意思上重复, 应删去其中一个。） 8.We usually asked Sam for advice because of the fact that he was very clever （because 的后面不需要用 of the fact that, 应将其删去。） 9.There are some childrn who are reading in the classroom. （此句可以简写为: Some children are reading in the classroom.） 10.Several boys were playing football together with each other. （together 与 with each other 在意思上重复, 应删去 with each other。） Exercise 4: 纠正下列句子中在统一、完整、以及表达简洁等方面存在的错误。 1.Jane smiled and she had never been there. 2.He didnt hand in his composition in time made the master very angry. 3.He didnt have his dinner yesterday and he was not very well. 4.She had no money left and lonely in the big city. 5.Tom came back very late and his car broke down half way. 6.I whispered in a low voice to her that I had left my wallet at home. 7.I said I couldnt tell these two things apart f