《系统解剖学》教学资料 绪论骨学躯干骨2013课件

1 Hello, everybody. Lets begin our class. 2 Systematic Anatomy 李文春 教授 Department of Anatomy Hubei University of Medicine 3 【目的和要求】 绪 论 1掌握系统解剖学的定义，人体的标准姿势、方位术 语、轴和面。 2熟悉人体的分部和器官系统。 3了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。 骨 学 1掌握骨的分类；椎骨的一般形态；胸骨的分部及重 要标志。 2熟悉骨的构造；各部椎骨的主要特征；肋的组成、 形态结构。 3了解骨的化学成分和物理性质，骨的发生和发育， 骨的可塑性。 4 人体解剖学教研室基本情况 n省级重点学科 n省级精品课程 n湖北省“楚天学者计划”设 岗学科 项仕孝教授 5 6 Introduction 一、Concept and division Human Anatomy is the science which deals with the morphology and structure of the human body. For medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinical curriculum. krikjulm 7 台湾学生用书 8 台湾的解剖教学 9 澳大利亚悉尼大学的解剖教学 10 澳大利亚悉尼大学的解剖教学 11 本校建成7个虚拟解剖实验室 软件功能演示 操作演示三 网络络版：湖北医药药学院/图书馆图书馆 /数字资资源/ VH Dissector 5.0 可视视化人体解剖学软软件 12 解剖学与疾病的诊断和治疗 颅内动脉瘤 电解式可脱性弹簧圈栓塞治 疗动脉瘤 全脑数字减影动脉造影 13 解剖学相关产品的开发 14 世界上首颗人造心脏照片 1969年曾跳动三天 15 用天然平台制造人工心脏取得成功 美国科学家利用全器官脱细胞 化（whole organ decellularization ）方法，在实验室中制成了大 鼠和猪的人工心脏。这一成果 有望为人类人工心脏制备提供 新的方法。相关论文发表于 自然医学（Nature Medicine）上。 16 systematic anatomy macroanatomy 巨视解剖 regional anatomy histology microanatomy cytology 微视解剖 embryology surgical anatomy surface anatomy X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy locomotive anatomy Human anatomy division mkruntmi maikruntmi 17 二、人体解剖学发展简史（自学） 三、我国人体解剖学的发展历程（自学） 18 研究显示爱情有助于缓解疼痛 疼痛实验 研究人员在美国斯坦福大学招募 15名本科生，让他们手握一个物体， 这一物体在电脑控制下会慢慢加温， 温度会使受试者感到轻微疼痛。 与此同时，受试者分别观看自己 热恋对象和一名熟人的照片。研究人 员对受试者的大脑进行功能性核磁共 振(fMRI)扫描，记录大脑活动。 实验结果显示，爱情的方法可缓 解疼痛。 “爱情止痛药”作用于大脑的奖励 中心，刺激大脑深部组织，抑制疼痛 感。 19 中美学者研究发现：钱可减轻生理疼痛 根据中美两国心理学者进行 的一项研究，触摸或者仅仅凝视 钱能够减轻生理疼痛和社会排斥 造成的压力。但是一个人回忆花 掉的钱却能够增加这两种痛苦。 据自然杂志在线新闻报 道，这一发现表明，仅是想到自 己有钱便能够让人们在生理上感 到更强壮，并较少依赖其他人的 赞赏来满足自身的需求。研究人 员指出：“金钱激活了普通意义上 的信心、力量和效益。” 20 四、The parts and systems of the body .The human body is divided into ten parts. the head the neck the thorax the back the abdomen the pelvis and perineum the upper limbs the lower limbs :rks perini:m 21 Locomotor system 运动系统 Alimentary (Digestive) system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统 Endocrine system 内分泌系统 Circulatory system 脉管系统 Sense organs 感觉器 Nervous system 神经系统 . There are nine systems in human body limentri 22 五、The anatomical position, terms of direction, axis and planes . Anatomical position 解剖学姿势 Human body is supposed to be in the erect posture, with the face and toes forward, the arms hanging by the sides and the palms of the hands directed forward, the heels near to each other. hi:lz ntmikl 尸体摆标准姿势 .The terms of direction Superior and inferior Anterior and posterior (ventral) and ( dorsal) Medial and lateral Internal and external Superficial and profound Proximal近 and distal远 Ulnar 尺and radial桡 Tibial胫 and fibular 腓 ln 24 .The axis and planes vertical axis axis sagittal axis frontal axis sagittal plane planes frontal plane horizontal plane vertical sagittal frontal hrizntl 25 六、人体解剖学的学习方法 （1）形态与功能结合。 （2）局部与整体结合。 （3）理论与实际结合。 授课形式：理论1.5实验3.0 实验课穿白大衣 人体解剖学实验教程思考题 实验课当堂提问考核，占总成绩30 26 爱护尸体 27 运 动 系 统 Locomotor system 28 The locomotor system consists of bones, joints and muscles origin belly tendon insertion 29 Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学 206 According to the location of the bones, it can be divided into skull , bones of trunk, bones of limbs. The former two form the axial bone. Section 1 The general description stildi 30 一、The shape and classification of the bones long bone 长骨 short bone 短骨 flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone 不规则骨 irejul 31 1. long bones are found in limbs , it consists of a body and two ends. Medullary cavity Epiphysis Epiphysial cartilage Body Epiphysis 32 2. Short bones The short bones distribute in wrist and foot. 33 3. Flat bones They distribute in skull and chest. skullchest 34 4. Irregular bones The irregular bones are varied in shape, such as cranial bones and vertebrae. sinus vertebrae 35 The living bones consist of bony substance 骨质, periosteum 骨膜 and bone marrow 骨髓. Periosteum Bony substance Bone marrow 二、The structure of bones peristim 36 1.Bony substance (1) Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。 (2) Spongy bone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内 部，由骨小梁组成。 37 2. Periosteum It covers the surface of the bone (except the articular part) , it consists of two layers : an outer and an inner membrane. Periosteum 骨膜剥离太多骨折难以愈合 增高术 :tikjul 38 3. Bone marrow Bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in spongy bone. There are two kinds of bone marrow, red and yellow . Red marrow Yellow marrow 骨髓穿刺部位？ 39 英科学家用胚胎干细胞3D打印人体器官 北京时间2月7日消息，据国外媒体报道，科学家离培育重 要器官又近一步，不久可能使从人到人的移植成为历史。 专家已研发出三维打印技术，可用胚胎干细胞制造人体组 织。这种由爱丁堡赫瑞-瓦特大学开发出的方法意味着病入 膏肓的病人可轻易获得肝脏、心脏和其他器官。 40 三、The chemical composition and physical properties of bone organic inorganic Living bones are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic. n:nik 41 Section 2 The axial bone 中轴骨 一、The bones of trunk 躯干骨 The bones of trunk include the vertebrae, the sternum and the ribs, which provide framework (支架) for the vertebral column(脊柱), the thoracic cage(胸廓)and the pelvis(骨盆). (:) rsik 42 (一）The vertebrae 椎骨 In a child, the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 32 or 33. Cervical 颈vertebrae: C7 Thoracic胸vertebrae: T12 Lumbar腰vertebrae: L5 Sacral骶vertebrae: S5 Coccygeal尾vertebrae: Co34 C T L S Co kksidil 43 1. The general features of vertebrae vertebral body 椎体 vertebral foramen vertebral canal vertebral arch 椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch intervertebral foramen laminae of vertebral arch spinous process Seven processes transverse processes articular processes 44 2. The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region (1) Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 the body is heart-shaped. there are costal fovea. articular facets of articular processes are relatively coronary. the spinous process are long and downward sloping krnri 45 (2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 the body is small. articular facets of articular processes are relatively horizontal. vertebral foramen is large and is nearly triangular. there are the transverse foramen. the spinous process are short and bifid. traijul 46 Luschka关节 颈椎病 47 48 the first cervical vertebrae is known as atlas 寰椎. the second cervical vertebrae is known as axis 枢椎. the seventh cervical vertebrae is known as vertebra prominens 隆椎. tls ksis 49 (3) Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 the body is large. vertebral foramen is triangular. articular facets of articular processes are almost sagittal. the spinous process are strong , short, square and horizontal. 50 (4) The sacrum 骶骨 promontory 岬 anterior sacral foramina sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 sac