新标准大学英语三u.ppt

Text Whats in a Name? 1 Today its only the exceedingly famous who are known by just one name, but even Sting, Cher and Madonna started life with a surname. In England alone there are around 45,000 different surnames. But prior to 1000 AD in Britain, everyone was known by the given name only, or perhaps their nickname. Text 2 Different areas of the world adopted surnames at different periods in time. The Chinese were among the first people to use family names to honour their parents from about 2800 BC. In Europe, the Romans started calling people by their given name and family name in Latin from 300 BC, but it wasnt common practice throughout Europe until the 10th or 11th century, when first, the lords and gentry, then middle-class citizens, and finally everyone used surnames. Text The necessity for surnames arose when the population began to grow. Suddenly there was more than one person with the same name in a village, so surnames were used. Generally, these surnames were not handed down to the next generation, but after the fall of the Roman Empire, Ireland was one of the first countries to adopt hereditary surnames, and Irish surnames are found as early as the 10th century. Text 3 As communities grew, it became necessary to identify residents more specifically with a name which referred to a dominant feature such as a physical attribute, an occupation, or a place of origin. This led to names like John the Butcher, William the Short, Henry from Sutton, Mary of the Wood, and Roger, son of Richard. Text 4 After the Norman Conquest of England, the new rulers (from Normandy in northern France) of the realm obliged people to adopt fixed surnames for administrative reasons, as a form of registration for the census and for taxation. Gradually, most Saxon and Celtic names vanished (Oslaf, Oswald, Oswin Os meaning God), and we see names like Carpenter, Thatcher, Cook and Baker, Hill, Forest. Any man who left his home and moved to another part of the country would be called by the place where he came from, eg John of York, and other immigrants from Ireland, Highland Scotland and Wales (when it became part of Great Britain in 1536) adopted the English system of surnames. Text 5 Surnames from places were most common. In fact, more than half of English surnames today derive from geographic descriptions: Bedford, Berkley, Hampshire could have been names given to people who migrated from these places to live and work elsewhere, or may have been the names of the landowners where they lived. Text 6 A name ending in -man or -er usually suggests a trade or occupation, although as the spelling was only fixed in the 19th century, they often look different from the original word, for example Latimer meaning ranslator, and Jenner, engineer. Personal or moral qualities generated names as well: Good, Goodchild, Thoroughgood, and Blake (Black). Text 7 Many surnames come from someones relationship with another, such as Williamson (Williams son). This naming pattern between a father and his heirs can be seen clearly in Sweden, where each successive generation followed suit: The so-called Hans Peterson would be the son of Peter, and Hans Petersons son would be called Jan Hanson. (On the female side, the daughter of Hans would be called Hansdotter.) Text The Norman French added Fitz- to mean child of as in Fitzpatrick, the child of Patrick. The Irish used O, as in OBrien, the Dutch used van (van Buren), the French used de (de Gaulle), Arabic speakers used ibn (ibn Saud) and the Scottish used Mac (MacDonald). Next time you feel like a hamburger, try asking for a “son of Big Donald“, please a big Mac. Text 8 A historic event, such as invasion by a foreign power, has often had an effect on surnames, especially when the official language of the newly-created colony was changed. This is particularly noticeable in regions of Central and Eastern Europe, where the borders and the language used within them have changed several times over recent years. When the English invaded Ireland in the 1660s, and English became the legal language, Gaelic names were anglicized or translated into English. Text 9 Its often possible for Westerners to recognize the nationality or origin of people by their names, but this is much more difficult for Asians to do. There are as many rules about this as there are names but we can suggest some very general guidelines about given names. Basically, if a given name ends in -e or -a, it may be a womans name. If it ends in a consonant, its probably a mans name. Text If a name ends in -e, -tte, or -elle (Marie, Yvette or Isabelle), it probably belongs to a French woman. Remember also that many French womens names are the male version with the additional -e. If a name ends in -a, its likely to be an Italian or, less likely, a Spanish or Russian name (Maria, Alessandra; Ana, Juliana; Olga, Natalya). But there are of course exceptions for mens names, such as Pierre and Claude (French). Text 10 A name ending in -os or -is probably belongs to a Greek male, for example, Spyros, oannis. Names ending in -ch and -fried suggest very often German men, such as Friedrich, Gottfried. Names ending with -o are likely to be Italian or Spanish (Alessandro, Antonio, Carlo and Diego, Francisco and Gonzalo). Text 11 Complicated? Well, in the UK and the US, a significant proportion of the population comprises a substantial number of immigrants over several generations, where given names and surnames from different origins are combined by people marrying outside their ethnic group. So immigration and intermarriage complicates the situation hugely, and it becomes very difficult to say with total certainty what nationality someone is, only perhaps where their families originally came from. Text 名字说明了什么 1 现在，只有知名度极高的人才会仅仅凭一个名字就闻名 于世，但即便是斯汀、雪儿、麦当娜这样的超级明星也是生 来就有个姓氏的。现在仅在英国就有45,000个不同的姓氏。 而在公元1000年以前，那里所有的人只有名，没有姓，或者 是只有个绰号。 Text 2 世界上不同的地区开始采用姓氏的时间各不相同。中国 人是最早采用姓氏的民族之一，大约在公元前2800年，他们 就开始用姓氏来表示对父母的尊敬。在欧洲，罗马人从公元 前300年起就用拉丁文的姓和名来称呼别人，但是一直到公 元10或者11世纪，这种做法才在整个欧洲流行起来，最先是 在贵族阶层中间，然后是城市的中产阶级，到最后所有人都 开始使用姓氏。 Text 因为随着人口的增长，姓氏就显得越来越有必要了。忽然 间，在一个村子里出现了两个同名的人，所以人们就开始 用姓氏来区分他们。一般来说，这些姓氏不会传给下一代， 但在罗马帝国灭亡后，爱尔兰成了最早使用世袭姓氏的欧洲 国家之一，而且爱尔兰姓氏早在公元10世纪就出现了。 Text 3 随着社会人口的增长，用一个更加具体的姓氏来辨别居 民的身份变得越来越有必要，这些名字通常能体现一个人的 主要特征，比如身体特征、职业或是祖籍。于是就出现了像 屠夫约翰、矮子威廉、来自萨顿的亨利、树林里的玛丽、理 查德的儿子罗杰这样的名字。 Text 4 诺曼人征服英格兰之后，新的统治阶级（来自法国北 部的诺曼底）出于管理上的需要，强制人们使用固定的姓 氏，以备人口普查以及征税时登记之用。渐渐地，大多数 撒克逊和凯尔特姓氏消失了（奥斯拉夫、奥斯瓦尔德、奥 斯温奥斯是“神”的意思），取而代之的是像卡朋特 （木匠）、撒切尔（盖茅草屋顶的人）、库克（厨师）、 贝克（面包师）、 希尔（山）、 福利斯特（森林）这类 姓氏。对于离乡背井，搬到另外一个地方居住的人，人们 会以他的出生地来称呼他，比如约克郡的约翰，而其他从 爱尔兰、苏格兰高地和威尔士来的移民（1536年威尔士成 为英国的一部分）也采用了英格兰的姓氏体系。 Text 5 以地名做姓氏是最为常见的现象。事实上，当今英国超过 半数的姓氏来源于地理学上的描述：如贝德福德、伯克利、 汉普希尔这些姓氏可能是用来称呼从这些地方到别处去生活 和谋生的人的，也可能是住在当地的地主的名字。 Text 6 以man或er结尾的姓氏通常体现一个人从事的行业或职 业，因为英语拼写到了19世纪才最终固定下来，所以它们看 起来和原词已经很不一样了，比如拉蒂默（Latimer）是翻译 的意思，而詹纳（Jenner）则表示工程师。表示个人特点或 道德品质的词也被用作姓氏：比如古德（好）、古德察尔德 （好孩子）、萨鲁古德（大好人）、布莱克（黑）等等。 Text 7 许多姓氏源于人与人之间的关系，比如威廉姆森（即威 廉的儿子）。这种基于父亲和子嗣关系的姓氏模式在瑞典尤 为明显，每一代人都按这种模式如法炮制：所谓汉斯彼得 森应该是彼得的儿子，而汉斯彼得森的儿子会取名叫扬 汉森。（而在女性那一支，汉斯的女儿会叫作汉斯多特。） Text 法国的诺曼人则会在姓氏前加一个菲茨（Fitz）来表示是 某人的子女，比如菲茨帕特里克就是帕特里克的孩子。而 爱尔兰人用“奥”来表示这种关系，比如奥布莱恩，荷兰 人用“凡”字（比如凡布伦），法国人用“德”字（比 如戴德高乐），阿拉伯人用“伊本”（比如伊本沙 特），苏格兰人用“麦克”（比如麦克唐纳德）来表示。 下次你想吃汉堡的时候，可以对服务员说请给我来个“大 号的唐纳德的儿子”，即巨无霸汉堡。 Text 8 一些重大的历史事件，如外国势力入侵，也通常会对姓 氏产生一定的影响，尤其是当这个刚刚沦为殖民地的国家的 官方语言也被更换掉的时候。这种情况在中欧和东欧地区尤 为明显，位于这些区域的国家其边界地区和当地所使用的语 言在近年来都多次发生改变。17世纪60年代，当英格兰人入 侵爱尔兰时，英语成了爱尔兰的官方语言，原来盖尔语的人 名都被英语化了，或是被译成了英语。 Text 9 对西方人来说，通过名字识别国籍或是种族并非难事， 但对于亚洲人来说就要困难得多。这其中涉及到的规则和名 字一样数量繁多，但是我们可以总结出一些关于名字的基本 原则。基本上，如果名字是以e或者a结尾，那很可能是个女 性的名字。如果是以辅音结尾，那很可能是男性的名字。 Text 如果某个名字是以e、tte或者elle结尾，那她很可能是位法 国女性（比如玛丽、伊薇特，或者是伊莎贝拉）。还有一 点要注意，不少法国女性的名字就是在男性的名字后面加 上一个e。如果一个名字是以a结尾，那么这很有可能是个 意大利人，当然也可能是西班牙人或者是俄罗斯人（比如 玛利亚、亚历桑德拉；安娜、朱丽安娜；奥尔加、娜塔莉 亚）。当然男性名字中也有一些例外，比如像皮埃尔、克 劳德这样的（法国）名字也都是以e结尾的。 Text 10 以os或者is结尾的通常是希腊男性的名字，比如斯派洛 斯、伊奥尼斯。如果名字是以ch或者fried结尾，那他通常是 一个德国男性，比如弗里德里希、格特弗里德。以o结尾的名 字表明这可能是位意大利或是西班牙的男性（亚历桑德罗、 安东尼奥，卡洛和迭戈，弗朗西斯科和冈萨洛）。 Text 11 是不是很复杂？可是，在英国和美国，人口中很大一部 分几代都是移民，他们和其他族裔的人通婚，于是不同的姓 氏和名字结合在了一起。因此移民和通婚使得情况更为复杂 化，要百分之百地确定某个人的民族十分困难，只能是大致 了解他们的家族是从哪里移民来的。 Text Words of the past 历史性的；有历史记 载的 (= historical) e.g. That was the first eruption in historic times. 那是有史时期的第一次火山喷发。 2) famous or important in history, or potentially so 有重大 历史意义的；历史上有名的 e.g. 1. This is a historic occasion. 这是具有重大历史意义的时刻。 2. Nanjing is a historic city. 南京是历史名城。 Word Family: history n. Words make up; constitute 由组成；组成；构成 e.g. 1. The fishing fleet comprises around 20 boats. 捕鱼船队由大约20艘渔船组成。 2. The course is comprised of ten core modules. 这门课程由十个主要的单元组成。 3. Twelve departments comprise this university. 12个系组成了这所大学。 Words very much 巨大地；非常 e.g. 1. The others seemed to find my discomfort hugely entertaining. 我觉得很尴尬，其他人却似乎觉得这非常有趣。 2. As a writer she was hugely influential. 作为一个作家，她有巨大的影响力。 Word Family: huge a. Words & Phrases certainty n. 1) U the feeling of being completely sure about sth. 确信 ；肯定 e.g. I cant tell you with any certainty what the outcome of the operation will be. 我无法明确告诉你手术结果将会如何。 2) C sth. that will definitely happen or that you feel very sure about 必然的事；确定的事实 e.g. 1. Its a dead certainty that this horse will win the race. 这匹马在比赛中获胜是必定的。 2. Its a virtual certainty that petrol will go up in price. 几乎可以肯定石油价格将会上涨。 Words & Phrases follow suit: do what someone else is doing 跟着做；跟风 e.g. 1. One shop began to prolong the shop hours, and all other shops along the same street followed suit. 一家店铺开始延长营业时间，同一条街上的其他商店也都照 方抓药。 2. On Tuesday, the House broke a month long stalemate and approved legislation to overhaul the nations intelligence system. The Senate is expected to follow suit today. 周二，众议院打破了一个月来的僵局，支持立法改革国家情 报系统，预计参议院今天会效仿。 Words & Phrases Sting 斯汀 Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner (born 2 October 1951), better known by his professional name of Sting, is an English musician, singer- songwriter, activist, actor and philanthropist. Prior to starting his solo career, he was the principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist of the rock band The Police. Words & Phrases Sting has varied his musical style throughout his career, incorporating distinct elements of jazz, reggae, classical, new age, and world beat into his music. As a solo musician and member of The Police, Sting has received sixteen Grammy Awards for his work, receiving his first Grammy for Best Rock Instrumental Performance in 1981, and an Oscar nomination for the best song. He is a member of both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Enjoy the song Shape Of My Heart by Sting! Words & Phrases Cher 雪儿 Cher (born Cherilyn Sarkisian, May 20, 1946) is an American recording artist, television personality, actress, director, record producer and philanthropist. With a career spanning over six decades and referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, three Golden Globes and a Cannes Film Festival Award among others for her work in film, music and television. Words & Phrases She is the only person in history to have received all of these awards. Cher began her career as a backup singer and later came to prominence as one half of the pop rock duo Sonny & Cher with the success of their song “I Got You Babe“ in 1965. She subsequently established herself as a solo recording artist, and became a television star in 1971 with The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, a variety show for which she won a Golden Globe. Words & Phrases A well received performance in the film Silkwood earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1984. In the following years, Cher starred in a string of hit films including Mask, The Witches of Eastwick, and Moonstruck, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1988. Words & Phrases Enjoy the song by Cher: I Got You Babe Madonna 麦当娜 Madonna was born in Bay City, Michigan on August 16, 1958. She moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she released her debut album in 1983. She followed it with a series of albums in which she found immense popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Words & Phrases Throughout her career, many of her songs have hit number one on the record charts, including “Like a Virgin“, “Papa Dont Preach“, “Like a Prayer“, “Vogue“, “Frozen“, “Music“, “Hung Up“, and “4 Minutes“. Words & Phrases the Norman Conquest 诺曼征服 The Norman Conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of William, Duke of Normandy in France. This resulted in Norman control of England, and closer links with continental Europe. Words & Phrases After the Norman Conquest of England , the new rulers (from Normandy in northern France) of the realm obliged people to adopt fixed surnames for administrative reasons, as a form of registration for the census and for taxation. To oblige somebody to