逻辑谬误.ppt

Logic Fallacies Ad Misericordiam 文不对题 False Analogy 错误类比 Hypothesis Contrary to Fact 与事实相反的假设 Poisoning the Well 井下投毒 Definition: The theme is inconsistent, the content is irrelevant. 5. Ad Misericordiam （文不对题） Examples: “He was late to the class today.” “Because he was scolded by his mother yesterday.” “Have you had lunch?” “ I got up late this morning, and unfortunately I fell down from my bike when riding to school.” 5. Ad Misericordiam （文不对题） 5. Ad Misericordiam （文不对题） Examples: Maybe he isnt qualified enough for this job, but think about his relationships, his uncle is the mayor, and his father is the chairman of the company which has steady business relations with us. 6. False analogy(错误类比) Definition: Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If the things that are being compared arent really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one. 6. False analogy(错误类比) Exmples Mind and rivers, can be both broad. It is a known fact that the broader the river, the shallower it is. Therefore， it must be true that the broader the mind is, the shallower it is. Employees and nails are the same. As it is necessary to hit nails on the head in order to make them work, the same must be done with employees. 6. False Analogy（错误类比） Exmples： Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative. 7.Hypothesis contrary to fact （与事实相反的假设） Definition: The hypothesis is contradictory to th e reality Exmples: If I had studied hard, I would definitely have passed the test. 7.Hypothesis contrary to fact （与事实相反的假设） Examples： If TV were not invented, today people would never have such wonderful entertainment brought by TV. If the gunpowder hadnt been invented, there wouldnt have been so many wars in the world. 8.Poisoning the Well（井里下毒） Definition: Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” ，in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person, instead of offering reasons to show why what he says is false. Poisoning the Well is a special case of argumentum ad hominem（人生攻击） 8.Poisoning the Well（井里下毒） Examples Dont listen to any word from him, for he is a most shameful cheater around the world. The defendant killed the victim cruelly, I suggest Lord sentence him guilty. Exercises 1)When the interviewer asks the job-hunter to make a brief self-introduction, he replies that he has to find a job to afford his old parents and young children who are now suffering from hunger. (Ad Misericordiam)（文不对题） 2) We can take books and food in the train, then shouldnt we take a bomb with us in the train? (False Analogy)（错误类比） 3)When the new teacher asked Peter to answer the question, Tom rose to his feet and said: “Peter is a dunce, he knows nothing about what you are talking about.” (Poisoning the Well)（井下投毒） 4)How could you have passed the exam what if I hadnt told you the answer in advance? (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact) （与事实相反的假设） 5) Since