thehistoryofEnglishlanguage英语语言发展历史.ppt

History of the English Language The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived. 英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部 落说起. 这几个部落分别是, 盎格鲁人, 撒克逊人，和朱特人，他 们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。那时候英国 的本地居民都说凯尔特语。但由于入侵者的逼迫，他们都被赶 到了西部和北部-主要是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。盎格 鲁人来自Englaland他们的语言称为Englisc（古英语）-这两个 词就是现在England和English的前身。 Celtic Latin Old English (450-1100 AD) The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. 古英语时代（450-1100AD） 入侵英国的这几个日耳曼部落，其语言基本相近，这些语言 的融合形成了我们现在称的古语言。古英语的发音与书写与 现在的英语并不一样。因此以英语为母语的人对于阅读古英 语也有很大的困难。然而，现代英语最常用的词语中，大约 就有一半起源于古英语。 Part of Beowulf贝奥武甫 , a poem written in Old English. Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 ，William the Conqueror（入侵者）, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. 中世纪英语 (1100-1500) 1066年，诺曼底（现法国的一部分）公爵威廉入侵并征服了 英国。新征服者带来了他们的语言-一种法语，而这也成为皇 室法庭，统治阶级和商人阶级的语言。曾经一段时间，出现 了以语言区分阶级的现象，下层阶级说英语，上层阶级说法 语。在14世纪英语重新成为英国主流语言，但也增加了许多 法语单词，这就是中世纪英语。 An example of Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟) . Modern English（现代英语） Early Modern English (1500-1800)早期现代英语 (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. 随着中世纪英语的泯灭，发音突然发生了很大的变化（元音大推 移），元音的发音越来越短。而从16世纪起英国与世界的接触多 了起来，再加上文艺复兴的影响，导致越来越多的单词和短语被 添加到英语中。印刷术的发明使得书面语流行起来。书变得越来 越便宜，更多的人开始学习阅读。拼写和语法变得越来越固定， 而由于伦敦市大多数出版社的所在，伦敦方言就变成了标准语言 。1604年第一部英文词典出版了。 文艺复兴的心脏佛罗伦萨 Late Modern English (1800-Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earths surface, and the English language adopted foreign