《专业管理英语》doc版.doc

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Management professional English管理专业英语结课作业班级：*8*8姓名：* 学号：*8*Leadership Theory and Practice Richard L.Daft Owen Graduate School of Management Vanderbilt UniversityOrganizationSay from broad sense, the organization is to point to by many factors linked to each other in certain ways of system. In a narrow sense, the organization is refers to achieve certain goals for people, collaborating with a collective or groups, such as the party organizations, trade unions and enterprises, military organization and so on. Special organization specialized in the crowd, to use in the social management. In modern society life. The organization is people according to certain purpose, tasks, and form the social group of up, the organization is not only the social cell, the basic unit of the society, but also can say is the basis of society.Here we will illustrate how to design and leading a learning organization.Organizations, like biological species, must adapt in order to survive. In a stable environment, many companies developed into highly structured systems with strong vertical hierarchies, specialized jobs, and formal information and control systems. However, these organizations do not work in todays fast-shifting environment, and many leaders are struggling to transform their organizations into more flexible systems capable of continuous learning and adaptation. This chapter examines elements of organization design by looking at traditional organizations that were designed for efficient production, in comparison with new organizational forms that emphasize flexibility and rapid response. We will examine five elements of organization design-structure, tasks, systems, strategy, and culture. Then we will turn to a discussion of the various frames of reference leaders uses to think about designing learning organizations. Each frame of reference has strengths and weaknesses, and effective leaders strive for a balanced perspective so that all the needs of the organization are met. And a Efficient performance versus Learning Organization As discussed in Chapter 1, fundamental societal transformations are having a dramatic impact on organizations. When the business environment was stable, leaders emphasized stability within organizations. They worked to direct and control organization resources toward attaining specific goals. Routine, specialized jobs and standardized control procedures were effective in organizations based on mass production technology. Today, however, organizations designed strictly for efficient performance are often not effective. Knowledge and information are more important than production machinery, and organizations need employees minds as much as their physical labor. Many leaders are redesigning their companies toward something called the learning organization, one in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving problems. This enables the organization to continuously experiment, improve, and increase its capability. The learning organization is based on equality, open information, little hierarchy, and a shared culture that encourages adaptability and enables the organization to seize opportunities and handle crises. In the learning organization, leaders emphasize employee empowerment and encourage collaboration across departments and with other organizations. The essential value is problem solving, in contrast to the traditional organization designed for efficient performance. The Living Leadership box offers a lesson for leaders who want to develop learning organizations. Exhibit 8.1 compares organizations designed for efficient performance with those designed for continuous learning by lo