高考完形填空考前指导.ppt

Ks5u精品课件,2009年高考完形填空考前指导,Ks5u精品课件,完形填空命题趋势与备考策略,一、考点提示 1.以语篇为载体，测试语言知识和语言能力。 设空注重在语境中考查词义。这一特点，很好地反映了从重点测试语言形式转向重点测试语言意义的改革方向，反映了“强调应用，注重交际”的命题原则。完形填空题的4个备选答案，一般都属于同一词类，同一语义范畴，而且往往都和设空前后的单词形成某种搭配，这样便形成了很强的迷惑性和干扰性。,Ks5u精品课件,2、以意义填空为主。 试题在着重考查学生阅读理解能力的前提下，兼顾对语言知识、常识、逻辑推理能力的考查。所设选项一般都符合语言规范，且词类基本相同。比如说，当答案是过去式went时，另三个干扰项也为动词的过去式，而不是动词go的其它形式。,Ks5u精品课件,3、设空的分类。 设空的答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此，设空分为：句子层次；句组层次；语篇层次。设空的答案有的由已读过的上文决定，有的由未读过的下文决定，还有的要综合上下文而定。所以设空又可分为三类：（1）前制性设空；（2）后制性设空；（3）语篇性设空。不言而喻，前制性设空难度低，后制性设空难度较高，语篇性设空难度最高。一般说来，三个层次的设空比例各占三分之一。但是，从近年来的高考试题看，语篇层次设空的比例有所增加，超过了三分之一，反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路。,Ks5u精品课件,完形填空题有三个难点： 一是4个备选项有很强的迷惑性和干扰性；二是句组层次和语篇层次设空所占的比例高，超过三分之二，尤其是语篇性设空所占的比例超过三分之一；三是后制性设空，尤其是语篇层次后制性设空，难度大。有的答案提示一直到篇末才出现。考生要逾越这些难点，不仅需要具备熟练扎实的词句知识，而且需要具备很强的阅读理解能力以及逻辑推理、判断分析的能力。从深层来讲还要具备良好的语言经验和自觉的语言意识。只有具备了这些综合素质，考生才能顺利“完形”。从历年高考试题看，正是由于试题的这些特点使这一题型体现了很好的区分度。,Ks5u精品课件,4、降低对单词本身词义的考查要求，注重考查对全文意义的理解。 备选项中所涉及的词汇基本上都是常见的初级词汇。,Ks5u精品课件,5、正确答案通常是从短文中挖掉的那个词或短语，而干扰项则应是正确答案的干扰项，绝不允许干扰项成为干扰项的干扰项。 6、备选项的构成以单个词为主，词组或短语基本没有。,Ks5u精品课件,为了让考生迅速进入主题，为理解文章奠定基础，命题者在设计完形填空题时，总是保留一个完整或基本完整的句子不设空。这个不设空的句子就是提示句，往往出现在文章的开头。通过提示句，考生可以确定文章的话题、主题、背景、人物、时间、地点、事件等，也可以确定文体，从而适当地把握文章的发展方向，达到顺利“完形”的目的。文章的其余部分也可能出现一些不设空的句子，或者即使设空、但主干信息仍然能够读懂的句子，也可以作为提示句。,Ks5u精品课件,备考策略,Ks5u精品课件,在复习阶段：首先要熟练地掌握学过的全部语法知识，牢记习惯用法，特别是动词短语；注意对动词、名词、形容词、副词等词汇意义的真正理解，要懂得词汇的内含、外延、褒贬及一定的修辞色彩；注意它们的同义词、近义词、反义词及其辨析；其次要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习，多阅读一些短文，增强英文阅读能力，提高理解能力。,Ks5u精品课件,一、完形填空要考查的几个方面: 1. 根据上下文语境来确定最佳选项近年来的完形填空试题在选项的设置上越来越淡化语法结构，重在文意的干扰，即把具体的语言知识溶进具体的语言情景中去，考查考生通过上下文的前后提示或暗示，对整体文意进行把握的能力。这种考查方式所占的比例较大，且难度也大，若单纯从句子或个别段落来分析，或许所给的四个答案在语法和结构上都是正确的，若放在全局，则不一定正确。因此，快速浏览全文，领悟文章主旨，通过上下文的语境来选择答案是解决这类题的关键。,Ks5u精品课件,例1： I climbed the stairs slowly, carrying a big suitcase, my father following with two more. By the time I got to the third floor, I was 1 and the same time feeling lonely. Worse still, Dad 2 a step and fell, sending my new suitcase 3 down the stairs. 1. A. helpless B. lazy C. anxious D. tired 2. A. took B. minded C. missed D. picked 3. A. rolling B. passing C. dropping D. turning,分析：在把握上文“我提着衣箱缓慢地上楼梯”的情况下，可知1题答案为D. tired，即当我到达三楼时，已经很累了；再从爸爸“提着两只衣箱跟在我后面”以及下文的信息词“fell”可知此句的意思是：爸爸少跨了一步摔倒了，衣箱滚下了楼梯。因此2、3题的答案分别为C、A，尽管其它选项在语法上均无错误。,D. tired,C. missed,A. rolling,Ks5u精品课件,例2: But Ella Fant, who was filed with 1 , shouted at the top of her voice, Look at 2 Theyre all out of 3 except my John Isnt he the best 1. A. sadness B. happiness C. surprise D. regret 2. A. them B. those C. that D. him 3. A. sight B. order C. mind D. step,分析：考虑上下文的语境，第一个空的后边既然“是声嘶力竭的喊叫”就不能是A、D项，特别是通过最后一句Isnt he the best推知母亲此时的感觉是“幸福”的。所以1题的答案选B。2题的答案选A. them是因为其后用了theyre。3题通过全篇语境知道此时描述的游行队伍里一个人的步伐与其他人的不同，答案应与“步伐”有关，所以答案选D. step。,B. happiness,A. them,D. step,Ks5u精品课件,2. 根据生活常识及文化背景知识进行逻辑推理NMET完形填空往往以自身的内容提供完整的语篇信息，其间交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识和生活常识，考查考生灵活运用该方面知识的能力。解决这类题目，考生不仅要有广博的知识、丰富的生活经历，还要能够驾驭全文，不仅理解文章的表层意义，而且要弄清文章的深层意义。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用社会文化知识和生活常识来帮助判断。,Ks5u精品课件,例1： It was an early morning in summer. In the streets, sleepy-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their 1 . This was the beginning of another 2 day in New York City. 1. A. jobs B. homes C. buses D. offices 2. A. working B. hot C. same D. ordinary,分析：从信息词“early morning”和“sleepy-eyed”来判断，B. homes不符合逻辑，按生活经验，他们是去上班。这时有些考生也许会认为，既然上班，就要去“挤公交车”或“去办公室”。但上班的方式也有步行的、骑车的或坐地铁的，也有自己开车去的。人们上班有去农场的、煤矿的，还有去工厂车间的，不一定去办公室。因此，C. buses和D. offices不符合生活实际。1题只有A. jobs才是最合乎逻辑的选项，人们起床后，各自奔向自己的工作岗位。而这种情况是天天发生，是平平常常的，因此2题答案是D. ordinary。,A. jobs,D. ordinary,Ks5u精品课件,例2：Every morning she would give him breakfast 29 bed and bring him the papers to 30 . 29. A. to B. at C. in D. by 30. A. check B. read C. keep D. sign,分析：29题的答案是C，bed的前面应当用介词in。至于30题，就要用到相应的文化背景知识：外国人有早上读报的习惯，句中papers即报纸（newspapers）。这是理解文章细节的关键。有了这些文化背景知识，便可迅速推断出最佳选项B. read。因为生活中过分溺爱孩子的母亲，让儿子“在床上”吃早饭，“读”早报是很自然的事情，这也正与文章的主旨相吻合。,C. in,B. read,Ks5u精品课件,3. 根据词语的习惯用法和固定搭配来选择答案词的固定搭配，特别是动词的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例也是比较大的，多数题目涉及到动词的用法和各种搭配关系，这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词的用法紧密相关。 解决这类题目要求考生多读、多记，对所学习语或固定搭配牢固掌握，并能灵活运用。,Ks5u精品课件,例1：Mrs. Clark was 38 tea at the time. 38. A. cooking B. making C. burning D. serving,分析：从动词与名词的搭配关系角度考虑，“沏茶”用make tea, “上茶”用serve the tea,这是语言使用过程当中约定俗成的习惯用法，所以该题正确答案是B. making，考生也不应受汉语思维习惯的影响而误选A。,B. making,Ks5u精品课件,例2: The other day I was sitting in a small restaurant 1 a quiet drink and a talk with a few friends when it suddenly 2 me that almost everyone in the restaurant was smoking. It wasnt long 3 the whole room was filled with smoke. 1. A. have B. had C. having D. have had 2. A. seemed B. struck C. sank D. showed 3. A. ago B. after C. before D. now2,分析：解题1选C，是因为它这里是表伴随。解题2选B是因为struck的意思有”使想到”,其它几个意思不符，搭配也不合理。解题3选C，it isnt long before是一个固定搭配的句型。,C. having,B. struck,C. before,Ks5u精品课件,4. 根据词汇的意义及用法辨析词义从而确定答案完形填空题的考查虽然越来越淡化语法，但对语言点的考查依然存在，不过主要体现在词汇搭配和语义辨析两个方面。要做好这种题目，必须尽量将词语辨析与情节推理和逻辑推理结合起来，从词汇意义入手，抓住情节线索解决问题。,Ks5u精品课件,例1：Dad taught me a lot about life, especially its hard times. I remembered one of his 1 , one night when I was ready to quit (退出) a political campaign（运动）I was losing, and wrote about it in my diary. Tired, feeling the months of 2 , I went up to my study to make some notes. 1. A. classes B. advice C. lessons D. talks 2. A. struggle B. working C. battle D. defence,分析：class（课，班级，阶级）advice（忠告，建议，不可数名词）lesson（课程，教训）talk（谈话，讲演），根据短文中提供的信息，应该是作者准备退出一场失败了的政治活动时，父亲“教训”了他一顿，所以1题的答案是C. lessons。2题的选项B. working（工作，劳动）, D. defence（防卫，辩护）明显不合乎逻辑，A. struggle意为“斗争，战争”，C. battle是指大型战役中的小规模“战斗”。作者在这次政治活动中经历了数月的艰辛，为争取某种权利而进行了艰苦的“斗争”，根据文章的情节线索我们可以确定最佳选项是A。这两个题的解决都借助了词义的辨析，同时也离不开对短文情节发展的把握。,C. lessons,A. struggle,Ks5u精品课件,例2：She noticed how nervous he was and suggested he should stand near the stage where he could watch and follow the play. It was a good 1 of getting rid of his nervousness, she said. She was right, it seemed to 2 . A. idea B. way C. path D. plan A. do B. win C. work D. act,分析：句中“她”注意到“他”很紧张，建议“他”观看表演以消除紧张。显然，“她”所建议的是一种消除紧张的“方法”。1题的四个选项A. idea（想法，意见） B. way（路线，方法） C. path（小路，路线） D. plan（计划，规划） 中只有B选项有此含义，无疑是最佳答案。紧接下来的一句话是“她说得对，这个方法似乎有效。”2 题的四个选项A.do（做，尽力） B. win（获胜，夺得）C. work（工作，起作用） D. act（行动，表演）中只有C选项有“奏效”这个含义，自然应该是最佳答案。这两个题的解答也是在考虑上下文的前提下，从词汇意义入手的。,B. way,C. work,Ks5u精品课件,二、做完形填空题应从以下方面入手 （一）、首先要以很快的速度浏览全文，掌握文章的主旨，不要急于看选项。浏览全文时要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件，即who，when, where，what。完形填空命题的原则一般是第一句话不挖空，目的是使读者进入语境，因此一定要认真阅读这句话。 （二）、根据故事情节的发展选词，确定所填的词与文中哪个词有关系以及动作是在什么场合发生的。 （三）、试填之后将所选定的词放到文章中复读检查。(“字面译、通逻辑、搞代入、全文译”),Ks5u精品课件,具体操作中应注意的问题 1. 看清上下文，找准定位词充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如： 1)Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very Very. A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous 2)Mrs ONeill askedquestions and she didnt scold us either. A. no B. certain C. many D. more,分析:1.根据转折连词but的提示，所填入的词应与shallow相反，因此答案为A。,2. and是一个并列连词；either为副词，用在否定句或否定词后加强语势，由此可以确定所填的词也应是一个否定意义的词，因此答案是A。,A. deep,A. no,Ks5u精品课件,2. 通顺逻辑，寻求搭配 注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。例如： Heres a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himselfso much money. A. for B. by C. to D. of,分析: 表示“自取，随便拿”这个意义的短语是help oneself to故答案为C。,C. to,3. 扎实基础，搞清辨异 Soon I heard alike that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. A. sound B. cry C. voice D. shout,A. sound,Ks5u精品课件,分析: 选项中的四个词都表示不同的声音，但B，C，D项的三个词都是指从嗓子里发出的声音，而sound则表示各种各样的声音。因此答案是A。,4. 看清执行者，确定所选词 And video cameras can be used topeoples actions at home. A. keep B. make C. record D. watch,分析: 句中动作的发出者是video cameras因此答案是 C，意思是“记录”。,Ks5u精品课件,5. 寻求上下逻辑，从容确定关系 It has been many years since I was last in LondonI still remember something that happened during that visit. A. and B. for C. but D. as,分析: 根据句前的many years和句后的still remember答案应选表示转折的连词but.,C. but,6. 了解生活常识，确定相关知识 (Immediately) the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to thehospital. A. animal B. biggest C. plant D. nearest,D. nearest,Ks5u精品课件,分析: 在这样的紧急情况下，人们的第一个反应是到最近的医院就医，因此答案为D。,三、解此类题主要从以下四步做起： 第一步 重视首句，把握开篇。完形填空一般无标题，首句一般不留空白，是完整的一句，全文信息从此开始。细读首句，可判断文章体裁，预测全文大意和主旨。 第二步 速读全文，掌握大意。速读全文要一气呵成，尽管有空格、生词或不明白的地方，仍要快速读下去。读时要注意找出关键词、中心词，划出某些代表人物和情节的词，以便于形成思路。要注意不要在未掌握大意的基础上，边阅读，边做题，这样速度慢、准确率低。,Ks5u精品课件,第三步 瞻前顾后，灵活答题。“瞻前顾后”，即先读所填词的句子，回顾上一句，兼顾下一句。如果一句中有两个空白待填，在初定答案时要“双管齐下”，在两处同时试填，然后通读全句，确定答案。答题方法：1）择优法：根据文章及结构边读边填，如果能够立刻判定最佳答案的，不必再去逐个考证其余答案。2）排除法：如答案一时难以确定，可按空格位置，从语法结构、词语搭配、上下文语境、习惯用法、词义辨析等方面，对选项逐项分析试填。排除干扰项，从而确定正确答案。,Ks5u精品课件,第四步 复核全文，调整答案。把填好的短文通读一遍，进行核查同时注意以下三点： 1上下文的一致性：即时态语态的一致；代词、名词、单复数的一致。 2从语法和惯用法及习惯搭配、甚至语感入手，看是否符合上下文的逻辑。 3段与段、句与句之间的衔接是否连贯。 这次复核至关重要，常能纠正一两处甚至多处错误。同时对极难确定的答案，也要凭语感任猜一个，决不可不选。,Ks5u精品课件,根据以上方法确定所选的词。 Harry Field also studying biology said they wanted to make as much 1 as possible to force the 2 to realize what everybody was having to 3 . 1. A. effort B. time C. trouble D. noise 2. A. townpeople B. other students C. government officials D. truck drivers 3. A. stand B. accept C. know D. share,D. noise,C. government officials,A. stand,Ks5u精品课件,做题三忌： 急于求成，未通读全文便忙于答题，不了解文意，无整体概念边读边填，两眼忙于空白与选项之间，欲速则不达。 只抠字眼，语法，不顾文意，抓不住关键。 断章取义，就题论题，不管前后联系，互不照应，前后矛盾。,Ks5u精品课件,一、语法 This autumn was the wettest since records began in the U.K. Floods _ large parts of the country. A. covered B. covered by C. covered with D. rushed away,A. covered,Ks5u精品课件,二、语法 + 常识 More and more factories pump CO2 into the air , and atmosphere across the world _. A. burns B. hot C. warm D. heats up,D. heats up,三、四个答案对比 In Australia folds(羊栏) have covered an area the_ of the whole of the Britain . A. width B. large C. length D. size,D. size,Ks5u精品课件,四、翻译: The village of Yaluma 1 in the mountains of Chipas, a province of Southern Mexico. 2 people are many Indians. 1. A. lies B. place C. lays D. soon 2. A. Their B. Its C. Its D. Its,A. lies,C. Its,Ks5u精品课件,Rock stars admirers (崇拜者)who love rock music 1 about a billion dollars a year for records. They pay 150 million to 2 rock stars in person (亲自). 1. A. take B. cost C. waste D. spend 2. A. meet B. interview C. call D. see,D. spend,D. see,Ks5u精品课件,五、连接词 They are some of the poorest people in a poverty stricken country. _ now they have an extra source of income (收入). A. But B. And C. However D. Therefore,A. But,Ks5u精品课件, Rock stars admirers who love rock music spend about a billion dollars a year for records. In 1956, Mclean , 1 wrote and sang “American Pie” , 2 he earns an additional two cents on every single 3 of the song. 1. A. who B. he C. that D. as 2. A. and B. but C. so D. yet 3. A. copy B. record C. singing D. performance,A. who,C. so,B. record,Ks5u精品课件, Many rock stars 1 like Grace Slick and Jefferson. Those performers return from a tour, pay their bills, and buy new toys. 2 when they need money again , they do another 3 . They save 4_ money and live from hand to mouth. 1. A. play B. live C. perform D. behave 2. A. But B. Then C. And D. So 3. trip B. tour C. travel D. journey 3. A. no B. much C. some D. plenty,B. live,B. Then,B. tour,A. no,Ks5u精品课件,English people seem very quiet _ reserved (缄默的), usually. A. though B. and C. even D. but It was just getting dark; there was a touch of fog and I was on a lonely stretch of road. _ I was going along cheerfully. A. But B. And C. Otherwise D. So,B. and,A. But,Ks5u精品课件,One evening Jackie was on his way home from the railway station. When he turned round a 1 he heard footsteps behind him and he thought 2 was coming near. He began to walk 3 . The footsteps became faster, too. He slowed down. The footsteps also 4 down. 1. A. corner B. park C. street D. way 2. A. no one B. someone C. anyone D. everyone 3. A. slowly B. more slowly C. fast D. faster 4. A. put B. slowed C. became D. turned,Ks5u精品课件,六、词组与翻译 In 1990 , leader of all big nations met in Japan and agreed to reduce 1 CO2 they put into the atmosphere. Ten years 2 , in Nov. 2000, they met again in Holland to assess ( 评估 ) the situation and decided what to do next. 1, A. many B. a number of C. the amount of D. a good many 2. A. after B. late C. later D. soon,Ks5u精品课件,. But I was going along cheerfully, thinking about the dinner I would eat when I 36 to Salisbury. 36. A. reached B. arrived C. got D. led,Ks5u精品课件,七、比较四个答案,翻译文章 Projects (工程) 1 this go over under the name of “ Carbon Trading”. The basic 2 is that governments and companies can buy the 3 to pump CO2 into the air by investing ( 投资)in green 4 that take it out again. 1. A. as B. like C. the same as D. except 2. A. fact B. meanings C. idea D. things 3. A. forests B. projects C. right D. debt 4. A. projects B. plants C. materials D. trees,Ks5u精品课件,八、前提示 Young people are spending unbelievable sums of money to listen to rock music. At least fifty _ stars have incomes between two million and six million dollars per year. A. film B. rock C. jazz D. movie,Ks5u精品课件,Neil Young who performs 1 torn blue jeans, sometimes sings to an audience of 10,000,each of whom has paid five dollars for a ticket. 2 paying expenses, Young leaves with about $18,000 in his blue 3 at the end of an evening. 1. A. in B. with C. for D. on 2. A. Before B.Beside C. After D. Except 3. A. shirt B. trousers C. coat D. jeans,Ks5u精品课件,九、抓住主要信息词(主体-核心) , 比较四个答案,最后排除不可能的选项。 “It doesnt make 1 ,” said one of he older music millionaires, who made a million dollars a year when he was popular , in the 1950s. “performers arent worth this kind of money. In fact, 2 is.” 1. A. efforts B. progress C. sense D. money 2. A. everybody B. nobody C. somebody D. anybody,Ks5u精品课件,十、形容词的选择（并列连词的作用） If we make a noise on the bus they look _ and uncomfortable . A. untouched B. worried C, moved D. excited Hellen was an old teacher with a warm smile and _eyes. A. bursting B. freezing C. friendly D. lively,Ks5u精品课件,十一、后暗示 In this _1_, professors always take every opportunity to push textbooks aside and expose students to real _2_. 1. A. classroom B. means C. university D. hall 2. A. facts B. lessons C. adventures D. experiences,Ks5u精品课件,He was sure that he was being followed. He tried to hide, 1 the steps followed him. He didnt know 2 to save himself. 6. A. Still B. Sometimes C. Often D. Seldom 7. A. when B. where C. why D. how,Ks5u精品课件,完形填空中 语气副词的情景设置,Ks5u精品课件,.I raised the pistol and fired. The animal fell backwards with an angry cry. Father took the _ smoking pistol from my hand , and fired another shot, which killed the gorilla. A. still B. yet C. even D. already,Ks5u精品课件,He certainly looked the part all right, he thought as he admired himself in the mirror. He _ thought of going out into the street to see whether he could pass as a policeman out there A. just B. even C. still D. already,Ks5u精品课件,The shop had to agree. They knew that no fire on earth can _ damage a perfect diamond. A. almost B. even C. just D. ever .At times, he would turn, sit down , and _ go on his knees. A. almost B. even C. often D. rather,Ks5u精品课件,.After a hard day in the laboratory, she goes home. There she plays with her toys. She _ enjoys watching television before going to bed. A. quite B. already C. even D. still,Ks5u精品课件,Thirty years after being introduced to Macaulays words, they _ seem to me the best yardstick (码尺), because they give us a way to measure ourselves rather than others . A. even B. still C. always D. almost,Ks5u精品课件,.First of all he was a window-cleaner and in his first week he managed to break at least six windows. He _ lost his job as a postman because he sent off all the letters when he should have taken them to peoples houses A. thus B. even C. once D. only,Ks5u精品课件,.Finally I turned the key in the lock and pushed the door open, with Dad _ complaining (抱怨 ) about a hurting knee or something. A. yet B. only C. even D. still,Ks5u精品课件,The native people said they knew of this animal and called it the “ Yeti” , and they said that they had _ caught Yeti on two occasions (场面 ) though none has ever been produced as evidence (证据 ). A. even B. hardly C. certainly D. probably,Ks5u精品课件,Students generally appreciate ( 认可 ) these special 50 opportunities (机会) . They are almost always fun and interesting , and professors 51 them too because students learn so much in just a few short months. 50. A. working B, living C. teaching D. learning 51. A. hold B. like C. dislike D. discover,十二、逻辑推理,Ks5u精品课件,十三、关连词的重要性 No one denies the 1 of classroom learning. But it can only take the students this 2 . Slides and textbooks may do a good job of carrying facts and details, but creativity of thought cannot be 3 . They can only be developed through 4 experience. 1. A. deed B. value C. effect D. success 2. A. far B. long C. way D. direction 3. A. got B, found C. taught D. practiced 4. A. self-educated B. self -service C. first-hand D. up -to -date,Ks5u精品课件,十四、抓住中心意思- 围绕什么话题 (在文章中出现频率最多的词),Ks5u精品课件,Every Thursday afternoon, my art history class meets not in our usual lecture hall but in our university Art Museum. We spend our one-hour class discussing two or three of the 1 , many of which are by artists that we have already studied in class.,1. A. subjects B. paintings C. speeches D. lectures,Ks5u精品课件,The professor begins by selecting one 2 of art. After giving us a quick background on the artist , he will open up for class 3 .,2. A. book B. passage C. text D. work 3. A. discussion