causeandeffect英语说明文写作中的因果关系.ppt

Cause,Effect,Presenter: Shell Date: 1st, April,Questions with why are often asked and answered.,Why?,Definition,Words and phrases,Organize paragraph,relationship,Cause and Effect,Cause & Effect,Tell readers why something happened,Tell readers the results of something,Cause,Effect,effects Therefore so as a result, consequently accordingly because of this Thus. hence for this reason result in,causes due to because of owing to as a result of on account of for on the ground of Through Because since as on the ground that,Transitional Words and Phrases,therefore, consequently, as a result, and for this reason 通常后面接逗号 The weather was cold; therefore, Sally closed the window. The weather was cold. Therefore, Sally put on her coat. The weather was cold. Consequently, Sally put on her scarf. A blizzard hit the town. As a result, the schools were closed. Since, because 置于表示原因的句子前，句后用逗号. Because the weather outside was cold, Sally closed the window. so 前面的句子后加逗号 The weather was warm, so Jim turned on the air conditioner.,There are two ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect,To state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes,To state a cause and then mention or predict the effects,Example: what are the reasons for the increasing rate of car accidents?,Example: what are the results of American population getting older?,According to official statistics, more than 10,000 people in the country were killed in car accidents last year. The increasing rate of car accidents can be attributed to three general causes. Mechanical problems of cars, such as faulty brakes, bald tires, and flat tires, contribute to the high rate of car accidents. Environmental problems, such as blind corners, narrow streets, heavy fog, slippery roads cause a significant number of disasters. Such errors of human problems as excessive speed and drunken driving are considered the major factor of the fatal accidents. If drivers had been careful, many needless slaughters in car accidents could have been avoided.,The topic sentence indicates that the paragraph focuses on the causes.,A recent census reported that the American population is rapidly getting older. The aging of the nation will bring about serious effects. The most obvious effect is perhaps an economic one: how will the country bear the cost of caring for too many old people? The old are considerably more expensive to maintain. They now live mainly at home and need more services, and medical costs at present are almost twice the bill for people under 65. To support the old, the social-security system already pays more than it receives, and within a matter of four years, it will not be able to help the retired. Then, to keep the system going, working Americans will simply have to work harder and receive less pay.,Effect 1: taking care of the old costing more money,Effect 2: the social security system losing money,Effect 3: working Americans working harder but getting less pay,Four patterns of cause-effect relationship,Single-cause-single-effect pattern Single-cause-many-effects pattern Many-causes-single-effect pattern Causal chain pattern,cause,effect,cause1,cause2,cause3,effect1,effect2,effect3,What is the cause of air pollution?,Whats the effects of smoking?,Exhaust gas from cars,Uncontrolled factory gasses,Burning of low quality coal,Air pollution,Smoking,Do harm to peoples health,Often cause fires,Waste money,Casual Chain,Jims father has a bad temper, and he often beats Jims mother and the kids. (family violence),Jims mother leaves Jims father, taking the children with her.,With only Jims mothers income, the family has less money, so the family experiences financial problems.,Jims mother moves in with her boyfriend to help the family finances.,Jim feels unwanted in his new home and runs away.,a homeless child,cause,effect (cause),effect (cause),effect (cause),effect,Casual Chain,the most immediate effect,How to write,Practice,Sample & homework,,LOGO,How to write cause-and-effect paragraph,Sound Reasoning or logic When discussing causes and effects, make sure your analysis is of logic. You must not take it for granted that event A causes event B simply because event A occurs before event B. In other words, you must explain clearly what really brings about a particular result.,,LOGO,Possible Shift in order In cause-and-effect writing, it seems convenient to state the effect first and then analyze the causes. The reverse order, however, is to be preferred when one cause leads to a number of effects.,Topic Sentence,- It should tell what to be discussed in the paragraph; - It should also indicate whether the focus of the paragraph is on the cause or the effect.,If you stay with Tom for a day, you will know why he is gaining weight. (cause) 2. Although the American Civil War turned many brothers and sisters into enemies, it solved some big political and economic problems of the country. (effect) 3. A lack of essential vitamins can result in serious illness. (effect) 4. There are three reasons why I want to stay in a small town. (cause),Topic sentence: I play table tennis for three reasons. I. Sub-topic sentence: Its easy fun. 1.Have known the rules for a long time; 2.Not dangerous. II. Sub-topic se