《C7鞘翅目》PPT课件.ppt

2019/9/19,1,第七章 鞘翅目Coleoptera,2019/9/19,2,coleos sheath; ptera wings。 Hardening of forewings into elytra鞘，状似甲胄，so called Beetles甲虫。elytra serve to protect the more delicate hind wings, as well as the dorsal surface of the abdomen, and may have been a key factor allowing them to exploit开发 narrow passageways 全世界已知35万种，昆虫纲第一大目，农业上最重要的目之一。,2019/9/19,3,一、Diagnosis识别特征,The most distinctive feature of beetles is the hardening of the forewings into elytra ； Mandibulate mouthparts； Hind wings folded under elytra, with reduced venation Genitalia retracted into abdomen Adult antenna with 11 articles,2019/9/19,4,二、Biology生物学特性,Beetles are holometabolous全变态insects, 卵egg, 幼虫larva, 蛹pupa, 成虫adult等4个虫态。normally with adecticous无关节齿, exarate pupae离蛹. Voltinism化性：1-4 generations per year，or one generation in several years. Some long-horned角 beetles can live for 25-30 years. Most overwinter in adults, some in larvae or eggs.,2019/9/19,5,1. Oviposition产卵 Eggs卵: 通常圆球形。产卵方式多样，瓢虫卵产在叶面，成块状；天牛用上颚咬破树皮，然后产卵其中。,瓢虫卵,2019/9/19,6,Eggs of leafbeetle叶甲,2019/9/19,7,2幼虫Larva Larvae generally have 3 pairs of thoracic胸 legs, but lacking prolegs前足. Mouthparts mandibulate, ocelli 0-6, spiracles 9. 根据形态和生活习性，可分为6类： 蛃型、金针虫型、伪蠋型、蛴螬型、象虫型、无足型,2019/9/19,8,（1）蛃型campodeiform 体壁坚硬，胸足发达、5节，第9腹节有尾突。行动活泼，捕食性，如肉食亚目、隐翅虫总科、瓢虫等。,2019/9/19,9,（2）金针虫型wireworm 体壁坚韧，胸足不太发达、4节，不太活泼。植食性，生活于土壤内，叩头甲科。,2019/9/19,10,（3）伪蠋型eruciform 体壁柔软，胸足不发达，4节，无腹足，不活泼，食叶。见于叶甲、皮蠹等。,2019/9/19,11,（4）蛴螬型scarabaeiform 柔软，体肥大而弯曲，呈“”字形，胸足退化，4节，不善爬行，气门筛板状，生活于土壤内，金龟类幼虫。,2019/9/19,12,（5）象虫型maggot 体柔软、肥胖，近圆筒形，虫体弯曲，中部隆起，足退化，生活在隐敝环境中，见于象虫和豆象幼虫。,2019/9/19,13,（6）无足型apodous 体细长、扁平，头小，足退化，在茎干内蛀隧道，如天牛、吉丁虫和隐唇叩头虫等。,2019/9/19,14,3食性Feeding behaviour 甲虫食性复杂： 植食性phytophagous：大多数甲虫为植食性，取食植物不同部位，叶甲吃叶，天牛蛀食木质部，小蠹虫取食形成层，蛴螬取食根，豆象取食豆科种子，皮蠹取食各种植物的种子及其产品。许多鞘翅目昆虫是农作物、果树、森林、储粮等的重要害虫。,2019/9/19,15,捕食性predaceous：一部分甲虫为捕食性，如瓢虫捕食蚜虫，虎甲和步甲捕食小型昆虫，可由于生物防治。,2019/9/19,16,腐食性saprophagous：包括粪食性、尸食性。粪金甲为粪食性；埋葬虫为尸食性，埋葬鸟兽尸体。可帮助清洁环境卫生。 澳大利亚曾引入我国神农粪蜣解决草场因牛羊粪便而退化的问题。,2019/9/19,17,寄生性parasite： 少数种类寄生性，如大花蚤幼虫寄生于蜚蠊体内或在蜂巢内营寄生生活。,2019/9/19,18,三、分类特征 Taxonomic characters,The principal characters of beetles used in identification are those of the head, antennae, thoracic sclerites, legs, elytra, and abdomen. 头head、触角antenna 胸部骨片sclerite 足egg 翅wing 腹部abdomen等,2019/9/19,19,1头部Head In the Curculionoidea象鼻虫总科 the head is more or less prolonged forward into a snout长鼻子; the mouthparts are reduced in size and are located at the tip of the snout, and the antennae arise on the sides of it,2019/9/19,20,The families in the Curculionoidea象鼻虫总科 are sometimes placed in a separate suborder, the Rhynchophora象甲亚目. A gula外咽片 present on the undersurface of the head.,2019/9/19,21,2触角Antennae The antennae of beetles are subject to considerable variation in different groups: Filiform丝状, moniliform念珠形, serrate锯齿状, pectinate梳状, capitate头状, clavate棍棒状, lamellate鳃叶状. 在棒状触角中，末端膨大部分（棒节）的节数常作为关键特征,2019/9/19,22,3胸部Thorax The pronotum前胸背板 and scutellum are normally the only thoracic areas visible from above. A few beetles have notopleural sutures背侧缝, which separate the pronotum from the propleura前胸侧板 The prosternum前胸腹板 often has a process or lobe extending backward between the front coxae; sometimes this process is spinelike.,2019/9/19,23,When the sclerites of the prothorax extend around the front coxae, these coxal cavities are said to be “closed”闭式; When the sclerite immediately behind the front coxae is a sclerite of the mesothorax, these cavities are said to be “open”开式,2019/9/19,24,4足Legs The number and relative size and shape of the tarsal segments are very important characters for the identification. The number of tarsal segments in most beetles varies from three to five. It is usually the same on all tarsi.,2019/9/19,25,If the tarsi of a beetle appear to be four-segmented拟4节 and the third segment is relatively large and more or less U-shaped, they are generally five-segmented, with the fourth segment very small. If the tarsi appear to be four-segmented拟3节 and the third segment is slender and not greatly different from the terminal segment, then they either are actually four-segmented or are five-segmented with the basal segment very small.,2019/9/19,26,芫菁、拟步甲等跗式为5-5-4，称为异跗类Heteromera。 郭公虫科Cleridae和长蠹科Bostrychidae基跗节很小，只有当跗节角度合适时才能看见。,2019/9/19,27,5翅Wings The elytra normally meet in a straight line down the middle of the body; this line of union of the elytra is called the suture. The suture extend to the tips of the elytra The tips may be slightly separated Shape of elytra are different Elytra of family staphylinidae隐翅虫科，which cover only the first few abdominal segments Elytra dome-shaped圆顶状,2019/9/19,28,Hindwing membranous, vein are reduced; Can be classified into 3 groups:： 肉食甲型Adephagid type：M和Cu间有12条横脉，若为2条时，则形成一小纵室oblongulum cell 。 萤甲型Cantharid type：M与Cu在端部愈合，形成明显的环。 隐翅甲型Staphylinid type：无横脉，M和Cu脉游离。,2019/9/19,29,6腹部Abdomen The structure of the first abdominal segment serves to separate the two principal suborders of the Coleoptera. in the Adephaga肉食亚目 the hind coxae extend backward and bisect分开 the first abdominal sternum In the Polyphaga多食亚目 the hind coxae extend backward a different distance in different groups, but the first abdominal sternum is never completely divided, and its posterior edge extends completely across the body.,2019/9/19,30,四、Systematics,Coleoptera includes approximately 40 percent of all species of insects and 30 percent of all animals. An estimated 350,000 species are known in the world and classifed into about 160 families (about 7,000 in China). Usually classified into 4 suborders: Archostemata原鞘亚目 Adephaga肉食亚目 Mexophaga菌食亚目 Polyphaga多食亚目,2019/9/19,31,原鞘亚目Archostemata 肉食亚目Adephaga 菌食亚目Myxophaga 多食亚目Polyphaga,2019/9/19,32,（一）原鞘亚目Archostemata,Pronotum with notopleural sutures背侧缝； Hind wing with oblongulum cell小纵室； first visible abdominal sternum undivided; 仅1总科长扁甲总科Cupedoidea，见于树皮下或腐木中，全世界不足30种,2019/9/19,33,（二）肉食亚目Adephaga,Adults with notopleural sutures visible on prothorax, Six visible abdominal sterna腹板, the first three fused and divided by hind coxae； Larvae 蛃型 with fused labrum上唇 and no mandibular molae无臼齿区 Hind wing with oblongulum cell小纵室； 包括1总科步甲总科Caraboidea，9科，绝大多数捕食性，仅少数植食性。,2019/9/19,34,1、虎甲科Cicindelidae Prominent eyes such that head is as wide as or wider than pronotum. Pronotum narrower than elytra. Antennae filiform and inserted above base of mandibles. Often blue or metallic green. 虎甲tiger beetle,2019/9/19,35,幼虫头和前胸大，第5腹节背面突起上着生13对倒钩，无尾突。 幼虫生活于土中隧道内， 捕食小昆虫。头在入口处，背钩防止被猎物拖出。 全世界2000种，我国120余种，常见有中华虎甲Cicindela chinensis DeGeer和杂色虎甲C. hybrida L.等。,2019/9/19,36,2步甲科Carabidae Head at eyes nearly always narrower than pronotum (cf Cicindelidae虎甲科). Antennae threadlike线状, inserted between mandibles and eyes (cf Cicindelidae). Generally black and shiny with striate条纹 elytra, but sometimes metallic or colorful.,2019/9/19,37,步甲ground beetle。 幼虫蛃型，黑色，足长，活跃，第9节尾突发达。30000多种，The vast majority of carabids步甲 are predacious,2019/9/19,38,3龙虱科Dytiscidae Body smooth and ovoid卵形; Hind legs for swimming； Fore tarsus in male swollen, for grasping.,2019/9/19,39,（三）菌食亚目Myxophaga,Tiny beetles，clubbed球杆 antennae；with notopleural sutures；Hind wings with oblongum cell小纵室； Tarsus 3-segmented。 仅1总科球甲总科Sphaerioidea，4科，50多种，取食藻类。,2019/9/19,40,（四）多食亚目Polyphaga,The first visible abdominal sternum is not divided by the hind coxae, and its posterior margin extends completely across the abdomen; Notopleural sutures背侧缝 are lacking； Hind wings lack oblongum cell小纵室. 分为18总科。,2019/9/19,41,I. 水龟虫总科Hydrophiloidea,4. 水龟虫科Hydrophilidae 形似龙虱，但腹面平坦，中胸腹面有长中脊突。 Water scavenger食腐 beetles Larvae are aquatic，and very voracious贪吃 and feed on all sorts of aquatic animals可捕食小鱼; adults are principally scavengers,2019/9/19,42,II.隐翅甲总科Staphylinoidea,Slender and elongate; Elytra short, a considerable portion of the abdomen is exposed beyond their apices顶端； 翅脉隐翅甲型，M、Cu分离。 包括7-11科。常见隐翅甲科和埋葬甲科。,2019/9/19,43,5隐翅甲科Staphylinidae Slender and elongate； Elytra are very short，usually not much longer than their combined width, and a considerable portion of the abdomen is exposed beyond their apices; Hind wings are well developed. 多为腐食性,少数捕食性。 隐翅虫rove beetle,全世界27000种。 毒隐翅虫属Paederus有毒，能引起隐翅虫皮炎。,2019/9/19,44,6. 埋葬甲科Silphidae Relatively large and brightly colored； Body is soft and somewhat falttened折叠； Antennae are clubbed。 鞘翅盖住腹部一半以上，末端截型。 埋葬甲carrion beetle 。,2019/9/19,45,III.金龟甲总科Scarabaeoidea,Antennae lamellate腮叶状, the last three segments are expanded into platelike片状 structure； 前足开掘式，胫节有齿，仅1距； 幼虫“C”字形，足发达，称为蛴螬grubs，通常有筛板式气门；无尾突。,2019/9/19,46,7锹qiao甲科Lucanidae,体大，性二型显著，雄虫上颚特别发达，雌虫上颚较小，观赏性强。 幼虫腐食性，喜食朽木。成虫趋光性强。 锹甲stag beetle,全世界1500多种,2019/9/19,47,8粪金龟科Geotrupidae Stout-bodied, convex凸出, black or dark brown； Elytra completely cover the abdomen, usually grooved or striate； Hind tibia with 2 apical spurs。 粪蜣dung beetle,2019/9/19,48,幼虫取食动物粪便或尸体，是重要的腐食性昆虫，被誉为大自然的清洁工。,2019/9/19,49,9金龟科Scarabaeidae 体粗壮，卵圆形或长形，背凸； 触角鳃叶状，末端3或4节侧向膨大； 前足胫节膨大，变扁，外侧具齿。,2019/9/19,50,金龟科习性差别大。 许多为粪食性或腐食性、尸食性等； 其它种类植食性，取食植物叶片、果实、和花等，有些是草场或农作物重要害虫。 分为许多亚科，介绍 3 亚科。,2019/9/19,51,（1）鳃金龟亚科Melolonthinae 后足跗节一对爪大小相等，均 2 分叉； 腹部仅 1 对气门露出鞘翅边缘。 金龟chafers 幼虫叫蛴螬grubs,2019/9/19,52,成虫常夜间活动，危害作物、果树、林木的叶、花或果实；幼虫取食幼根。 全世界已记载9000种，我国已知约500种，有很多重要害虫。 华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita (Fald.)、 暗黑鳃金龟H. parallela Motsch、 黑皱鳃金龟Trematodes tenebrioides Pallas等。,2019/9/19,53,（2）丽金龟亚科Rutelinae 虫体常有金属光泽； 后足跗节 1 对爪大小不等，外爪大、分叉，内 爪 短、不分叉； 腹部气门 3 个在侧膜上，3 个在腹板上。 丽金龟shining leaf chafers,2019/9/19,54,幼虫特征、 危害极似鳃金龟亚科。全世界约3000种，我国已知近400种。 铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motsch. 日本弧丽金龟Popillia japonica Newman 中华弧丽金龟P. quadriguttata Fabr,2019/9/19,55,（3）花金龟亚科Cetoniinae 体艳丽，有花斑或粉层； 中胸后侧片从背面可见； 鞘翅外缘在肩后微凹； 中胸腹板有圆形突出物前伸,2019/9/19,56,成虫常害花，称为花潜flower beetle。 我国200多种，害虫有白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis Lewis，小青花金龟Oxycetonia jucunda (Faldermann)。,2019/9/19,57,IV.吉丁甲总科Bupresoidea,10吉丁甲科Buprestidae Hard-bodied, usually metallic金属光泽；usually have a characteristic shape; Metasternum后胸腹板 usually with a transverse suture； 5 visible abdominal sterna腹板, the first 2 fused together.,2019/9/19,58,Larvae, called “flatheaded borers平头钻“ owing to their flat, broad thorax, live in bark, wood, roots, and leaves of various plants ，是林木、果树重要害虫。 吉丁虫metallic wood-boring beetle,全世界13000种，我国450余种。,2019/9/19,59,V.叩甲总科Elateroidea,前胸背板后侧角尖锐； 前胸腹板突插入中胸腹板凹窝内，形成叩头关节； 后胸腹板上无横沟； 第1、2节腹板不愈合。 分为46个科，叩头甲科Elateridae种类最多。,2019/9/19,60,11叩头甲科Elateridae Prothorax and mesothorax loosely joined, enabling adults to arch, “click,“ and flip快速翻转 over when they are upside down; 后胸腹板上无横沟； 前胸和鞘翅相接处凹入。 成虫被捉时不断叩头，故名叩头虫click beetle。背面向下时能反弹跳起。,2019/9/19,61,Larvae, cylindrical and elongate, are called “wireworms线虫.“ Many species are root feeders and may be serious pests of cultivated plants. 取食植物根、块茎、幼苗，及播的种子，对草场、禾谷类、块根块茎等危害极大。 全世界10000多种，我国近600种。 常见沟叩头甲Pleonomus canaliculatus (Fald.)、细胸叩头甲Agriotes fusicollis Miwa等。,2019/9/19,62,VI.花萤总科Cantharoidea,Body and elytra soft； Fore coxal cavity open； Tarsal formula 5-5-5； 6-7 visible sterna。 10-12 families.介绍2科,2019/9/19,63,12萤科Lampyridae Elongate and very soft-bodied； Pronotum extends forward over the head, so that the head is largely or entirely concealed from above; Elytra are soft, flexible and rather flat平,2019/9/19,64,腹部有发光器light-producing organ，雄虫在第67节，雌虫在第7节-luminous segments。Cold light, produced by the oxidation of luciferin虫荧光素 萤火虫firefly。车胤yin囊萤夜读 (晋书)。,2019/9/19,65,13. 花萤科Cantharidae Very similar to Lampyridae萤科, but the head protrudes突出 forward beyond the pronotum and is visible from above； No light-producing organs。 Larvae are predaceous on other insects，soldier beetles,2019/9/19,66,VII.皮蠹总科Dermestoidea,Adults have a median ocellus中单眼。 是本目唯一有中单眼的总科。 包括45科。皮蠹科Dermestidae最重要,2019/9/19,67,14皮蠹科Dermestidae Adulta are small, oval or elongate-oval, convex，体表常具鳞片； 额上常有中单眼； 前足基节窝开式； 腹部只有5个骨化腹板,2019/9/19,68,全世界约1000种。 取食干的动、植物材料，包括毛皮、标本、衣服、谷物、地毯、奶酪等。 谷斑皮蠹Trogoderma granarium (Everts) 是国际检疫害虫。 仓库常见种有花斑皮蠹T. persicum Pic、黑皮蠹Attagenus piceus (Olivier)等。,2019/9/19,69,VIII.扁甲总科Cucujoidea,上颚具臼jiu叶和臼齿； 触角棒状，末端23节为触角棒； 分为31科，常见锯谷盗科和瓢虫科,2019/9/19,70,16瓢虫科Coccinellidae 身体半球形，头后部被前胸背板所覆盖； 触角棒状； 跗节4-4-4，为拟3节； 色彩鲜艳，并常有斑点,2019/9/19,71,瓢虫ladybird beetle，most are predaceous, as both larvae and adults, feed chiefly on aphids,2019/9/19,72,捕食性幼虫体软，色暗，有黄、白斑点，3个侧单眼，上颚镰刀形，足细长，背面各节有瘤突和刺，腹末较尖，但无尾突,2019/9/19,73,IX.拟步甲总科Tenebrionoidea,Tarsal formula 5-5-4，故称为异跗类Heteromera； 腹部前3腹板愈合。 包括30科。常见拟步甲科和芫菁科,2019/9/19,74,17拟步甲科Tenebrionidae 头前口式，前唇基明显； Antennae 11-segmented, and either filiform or moniliform念珠状； Five visible abdominal segments； Front coxal cavity closed behind； Tarsal formula 5-5-4，claws simple.,2019/9/19,75,成虫取食植物种子、根、菌类等。在荒漠、砂丘、干燥地区常成群出现危害作物。 拟步甲darking beetle, 全世界25000多种，我国2000种,2019/9/19,76,幼虫细长，略呈圆筒形，形似金针虫伪金针虫。 沙潜Opatrum subaratum Fald.是北方常见地下害虫; 赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum 杂拟谷盗T. confusum 黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor Linn.、 黑粉虫T. obscurus Fabr.等是重要仓库害虫。,2019/9/19,77,18芫菁科Meloidae Pronotum is narrower than head，后头急缢如颈； Elytra are soft and flexible，with apex separate； Front coxal cavity open； Tarsal formula 5-5-4，爪裂为2叉。 芫菁Blister beetle,2019/9/19,78,复变态hypermetamorphosis，一龄幼虫活泼，蛃型，称为三爪蚴triungulin。它寻找蝗虫卵或蜂巢，因此被认为是益虫。找到寄主后，蜕皮成为软体、短足的伪蠋zhu式幼虫；第35龄胸足退化，成为scarabaeiform蛴螬型；6龄体壁坚韧，足失去功能，进入不动期，称为coarctate larvae 坚皮幼虫or pseudopupa拟蛹,2019/9/19,79,成虫危害豆科、藜科等植物，幼虫捕食蝗卵或寄生于蜂巢，食蜂卵、蜂蜜、花粉等。 芫菁是重要的药用昆虫，成虫含斑蝥mao素cantharadin，可治疗癌症。但对皮肤有强烈刺激作用，能引起水肿blister。牧草中的芫菁对牲畜有害。,2019/9/19,80,Cantharidin斑蝥素irritates刺激 the gastrointestinal胃肠 and urinary tracts泌尿管 of animals and may lead to death. Although most deaths are reported in horses, cattle and sheep also are susceptible. Symptoms include blisters泡 on the tongue and in the mouth, colic疝气, diarrhea腹泻, blood or intestinal lining discharge肠膜失活 in stools大便, and problems with urination泌尿 or bloody discharge in urine尿 .,2019/9/19,81,X.叶甲总科Chrysomeloidea,Tarsi appear 4-segmented with the third segment bilobed二裂, but are actually 5-segmented；the 4th segment is small and concealed in the notch凹口 of the third; Gular suture外咽缝 distinctly separated； Antennae not clubbed。 本总科分类问题很多，究应分几科意见不一。,2019/9/19,82,19天牛科Cerambycidae 触角线状，能向后伸，超过体长2/3； 触角第二节特别短，仅为第一节长度的1/5； 复眼肾脏形，环绕触角基部。,2019/9/19,83,幼虫长圆柱形；头圆，缩入前胸；前胸粗大，胸足24节或退化；腹部前67节背、腹面常具步泡突，第9节具1对尾突。,2019/9/19,84,植食性，多数幼虫钻蛀木质部，是果树、林木钻蛀性害虫。 天牛long-horned beetle,全世界25000种，中国2200种。 常见有桔褐天牛Nadezhdiella cantori (Hope)，黄斑星天牛A. nobilis Ganglbauer是杨树重要害虫，光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky)是杨、柳、榆等林木害虫。,2019/9/19,85,20豆象科Bruchidae Short, stout-bodied；the body is often narrowed anteriorly; the head is produced anteriorly前伸 into a short broad snout喙； 复眼下缘具深的“V” 形缺刻； Elytra shortened, not cover