江苏高中英语语法总结.doc

_牛津高中英语-模块一第一单元 定语从句 一、定语从句：定语从句的介绍1就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。 形容词：The green team 介词短语：The team in green 定语从句：The team who were wearing green 2定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose，或关系副词 来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。 如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves. 做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school. 做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be. 做定语She has a brother whose name I cant remember. 做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.二、定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose 1 在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。 如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.2 在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。 如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK. 3 当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。 如：I dont know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day. 4 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。 如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.5 Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。 如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane. The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.第二单元 定语从句一、定语从句：介词提前的定语从句 （prepositionwhich; prepositionwhom）当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。 如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions. 在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。 如：Art is the subject which I know little about. 如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who 取代。 如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to. 当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省 略关系代词who和that。 如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics. Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with. 当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which 或that 可以被省略。 如：I didnt like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.二、定语从句：关系副词：when，where， why 我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定语从句。 如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO. 2我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。 如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished. 3我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。 如：I dont know the reason why the house is so dirty. 4在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词which 所替代。 如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father. This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family. 第三单元 定语从句一、定语从句：非限制性定语从句 1非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。 如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important. My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them. 2当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。 如：He missed the show, which was a great pity. 3我们可以用allwhom/which 来表示全部数量，用some ofwhom/which来表示部分数量。 如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health. Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet. 二、附加疑问句 1附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。 2附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。 如：We can still be friends, cant we? He doesnt like ice cream, does he? 2） 当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly 或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。 如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you? No one has found my CD, have they?Nobody understood his speech, did they? His sister seldom argues with people, does she? 3） 人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。 如：I was pretty silly, wasnt I? Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, havent you? 4） 助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。 如：You like traveling, dont you? There is something wrong, isnt there? You cant speak Italian, can you? 5） 祁使句后用will you， Lets后用shall we 如：Post a letter for me, will you? Lets have a break, shall we?-可编辑修改-_牛津高中英语-模块二 第一单元 现在完成时态一、现在完成时态 1我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。 如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy. 2我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。 如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night. 3 当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短 语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet already 用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。 如：The boy has already come home. I havent heard anything from him yet. for+一段时间 since+点时间 如：We havent seen him for two years. We havent seen him since 2002. 注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。 4 我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。 如：The police have just finished searching the area. 5 我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。 如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times. 6 现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词二、现在完成进行时态 1我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。 如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home. 2我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。 如：- Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long? - Yes, Ive been waiting for an hour. 3现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing 注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。 如：I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine oclock. 三、现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态 1我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。 如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.) Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.) 2我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。 如：I have visited Egypt twice this month. I have been touring Egypt for two months.现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。 如：How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? 3状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。 如：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词) I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词） I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词） 注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know，exist 4当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。 如：Ive never visited Paris. Ive already been to Paris. 第二单元 将来进行时态一、将来进行时态 1我们用将来进行时态来： 1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。 如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。 如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas. 3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。 如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。 4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。 如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing 如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面 如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July? 3）回答：will（not） 如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(wont) 二、过去将来时态 1我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来： 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。 如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later. 2) 暗指一个过去的目的。 如：I was going to leave, but then it rained.3) 暗指一个过去的安排。 如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon. 4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。 如：The journey that was to change Tobys life started in July that year. 2陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1）would +动词原形 如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to 如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didnt have time. It was his last day at school-he was to leave the next morning. Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him. 第三单元 过去完成时态一、过去完成时态 1我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。 如：Upon entering the tomb, Carters lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake. 2在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。 如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained. 3过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。 如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum. 4过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already. 如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died. 5过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed 如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery. 二、现在完成时态还是过去完成时态 当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。 如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。 如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carters team began to fall ill and die strangly._牛津高中英语模块三 第一单元 名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍一、名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍 名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。 1 我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。 如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy. Whether hell be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我们可以用it来做形式主语。 如：It was good news that everyone got back safely. 2 我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。 如：she sensed that she was being watched. I wonder if/whether thats a good idea.Polly didnt know which way she should go. 我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。 如：Im interested in who that tall man is. There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man. 我们可以用it来做形式宾语。 如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running.3 我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。 如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. 4 我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。 如：the fact that Polly didnt ask for the mans name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing? 5 我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。 如：I hope that Polly will be OK. No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.She couldnt imagine how the blind man had found her. 二 名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句 1我们用that 来引导名词性从句。 1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。 如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat. 2) 在大多数情况下，我们不用that来引导介词后的名词性从句，但是，可以用that来引导in或except后的宾语从句。 如：The problem lies in that the mist may become a thick fog. I didnt tell him anything except that I wasnt able to find my way back.3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that不能省略。 如：That we couldnt find our way out was really bad news. 4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that可以省略。 如：She wished (that) someone would come along to help her. The truth is (that) the buses will not be running. 1 我们用if或whether 来引导名词性从句。 1） 当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句。我们把if或 whether后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。 如：She wondered. Would the buses still be running? She wondered if/whether the buses would still be running.2） 介词后只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：She is not certain about whether she has done anything wrong. 3） 当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用whether，而不能用if。 如：Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering. 4） 只能用whether or not，而不能用if or not。 如：I want to know whether or not the train goes to King Street. 2 如果and或but引导两个并列的that或whether/if引导的名词性从句，后一个句子 的that或whether/if不可省。 如：He said that he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining. No one knows whether it will be fine tomorrow and whether he will come to work.第二单元 名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句一、名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句 我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how。 1 当从句是wh-引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主 语，宾语或表语。 如：Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech.You can begin to see why English has such strange rules. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. 2 我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。 如：What are people from the north saying?People from the south find it difficult to understand. People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying. 3在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。 二、形式主语it 在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调效果。用形式主语it就可以达到这一效果。It只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。 1 我们通常用it来做形式主语。1） 当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时： （更好的）It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. （正确的）That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. 2）当主语是带to的动词不定式时： （更好的）It is hard to master a foreign language.（正确的）To master a foreign language is hard.3） 当主语是动词-ing形式时： （更好的）Smoking is difficult to stop. （正确的）It is difficult to stop smoking. 2 It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turn out 和prove前做句子的 形式主语。 如：It seems that he speaks two languages. = he seems to speak two languages. It happens that my new neighbor comes from my hometown. = My new neighbor happens to come from my hometown. 3 我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that或who引导的从句来强调句子中 的主语，宾语或状语。 如：It was last night (not any other time)that I read about the history of English. 如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是： I read about the history of English last night.第三单元 宾语补足语一、宾语补足语 1宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。 如：They called her the Loulan Beauty. 2宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。 如：They made Professor Zhang chairman of the society. We found the ruins most interesting. 3 有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。 如：They believed him to be honest. Professor Zhangs speech made us all laugh. 4 宾语补足语可以时介词短语。 如：She found ourselves in the middle of a desert. 5 宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。 如：She made Joe her assistant. She made Joe and Sue her assistants. 二、Either or 和 Neither nor 1我们用eitheror来表示选择性。如： （连接主语）either Ann or Jane should have arrived by now. (连接动词) people either tried to escape or stayed in their houses. (连接宾语)we could choose to eat either noodles or rice. (连接状语)they are going to the museum either today or tomorrow. 3 我们用neithernor来连接表示否定的观点。（bothand的反义词） 如：neither the museum nor the site itself interested her. They neither told me the location nor showed me the map.I ate neither the noodles nor the rice. They went there neither by train nor by air. 三、主谓一致 主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。 1 动词应是单数，如果主语是：1） 单数的名词或不可数名词 如：the city was founded in the 8th century BC. The food they offered on the plane was delicious.2) 计量的短语，标题或名字 如：two hours is too short for the visit. Little women is a great novel. 3) 一个短语或从句 如：travelling to Pompeii is exciting.That it keeps raining worries the tourists. 2 动词应是复数，如果主语是： 1） 一个复数名词 如：both cities were very rich. 2） 由and连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语 如：the noodles and rice they offered on the plane were quite plain. 3 当主语是all of/ most of/ some of/ half of/ a part of +名词/代词，动词与名词或 代词保持一致。 如：all of us have attended the lecture about Pompeii. Most of the lecture was about how the ancient city was discovered. 4 当主语是集合名词，如band, crowd, class, dozen, family, public, team 时，如果 名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。 如：our team is very important to me. Our team are now traveling to Xinjiang. 5 当主语是news, physics, mathematics, Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods, clothes, congratulations, earnings, remains, belongings 时，动词用复数。 如：the latest news is that the Loulan Beauty is being displayed in Shanghai. All their belongings were destroyed in the earthquake. 6 当eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, notbut,连接句子的主 语时，动词采取就近原则。 如：either the team leader or the guides are looking after the students. Either the guides or the team leader is looking after the students.注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/no one/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/each one/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。 _牛津高中英语模块四 第一单元 直接引语和间接引语一、直接引语和间接引语 1我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号 但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。 直接引语：She said, “China has been using PSAs to educate people.” 间接引语：She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. 2我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。 如：She said, “Im used to ads.”- She said that she was used to ads. “We must not fall for this kind of trick!”she said.- She warned us not to fall for that kind of trick. 3除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变： 1） 人称代词的改变：如：She said, “I did some research.”- She said that she had done some research. 2） 时态的改变： 如：She said, “This as is very clever.”- She said that that ad was very clever. 下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的： 直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。 如： “light travels at great speed,” he said.- He said that light travels at great speed. 3） 时间和地点状语的变化： 如：Tom said, “I am working here today.”- Tom said he was working there that day. 下面列举这种变化的例子： 直接引语间接引语today that day/ yesterday / on Wednesday, etc. tomorrowthe next day / the following day / on Thursday, etc. yesterdaythe day before / the previous day/ on Tudesay,etc. next monththe month after/ the following month / in July,etc. last yearthe year before / the previous year, etc. a week agoa week before / a week earlier,etc. 4）其它的例子： 直接引语间接引语thisthatthesethosecomego二、间接引语：陈述句，疑问句和祈使句 1陈述句 1）我们用that引导的名词性从句来陈述一件事。 如：She said, “Advertisements are an important part of our lives.”- She said that adve