妙语巧解高中英语语法.doc

妙语巧解高中英语语法 各位老师，大家下午好！我们都是高中英语教师，我们每天的课堂上都在或多或少讲英语语法，准确的说我们是一讲英语就讲语法，大家也一定会同意我的观点。那么我想问大家语法是什么？怎样让学生对我们讲的语法记住不忘？怎样让学生把所学的语法会灵活运用？今天我就是要和大家分享，我在过去三十多年的英语教学中对这三个问题的探索。首先，我们先来看第一个问题。语法是什么？什么是语法？我搜索了百度最佳答案说是：英语语法指英语语言的结构规律。包括词法、句法、和章法。我这里讲的英语语法主要是指前两项，即词法和句法。我们想想是不是我们每天都在讲词法和句法，从名词的单复数，到动词的时态，再到虚拟语气，强调句型，我们无时无刻不在和语法打交道，我们又在学生考试后感慨，刚刚跟他们讲过的东西，转身就忘了；都讲过好几遍了，为啥还记不住？我都纳闷儿了。对他说了多少遍了让他们背单词，可他们就是不听-我想在这里大声说学习英语最大的误区就是让学生天天背单词，并且止步于背单词。为什么这样说？因为我们知道孤立的东西最难记，孤立的东西最容易忘，还有即使他们会背单词也用不好，因为语言是有词汇有规律的搭配在一起才能表达特定的意思。我的探索是把词汇放在特定的有代表性的语句中让学生背诵，再把句子化整为零，分出不同的短语让学生背诵。这样词汇在语句中有了生命，特别是有冲击力的句子更有情趣。词汇有了更多搭配限制，语义更明确，搭配更得体，多个线索更有助记忆。比如我们学了一个词：foresight: n眼光，远见.学生好不容易背下来这个词，真正让他用，他不知道foresight是可数还是不可数，如果给他一个短语have great foresight:很有眼光，很有远见，如果给他一个句子: “My wife has great foresight.”said Tom. “Mine has greater foresight than yours.” Dick said.这两句话出现在最近一次考试的短文改错的故事里；再比如“access入口，出口，接近，进入”，这个词及时学习多少年之后，我们仍然觉得用起来难以得心应手，可是如果有了下面两个句子就不一样了：North Korea is a country , where people have little access to the outside world.朝鲜是这样一个国家，那里的人很少接触到外面的世界。People in the village have no access to running water.这个村子的人没有用上自来水。马上我们对这个词有了最直观的感觉，至少会了一个短语：have access to:接触到-。多年的教育实践促使我把词汇放在有代表性的句子中，再把句子化整为零，分出不同的短语让学生背诵。这样词汇在语句中有了生命，特别是有冲击力的句子更有情趣。词汇有了更多搭配限制，语义更明确，搭配更得体，多个线索更有助记忆。我们说：语法就在短语中，语法就在句子中。我给大家举个例子孤立的记东西难记住，有联系的记容易记。马拉松比赛距离是多长？有多少人知道？我过去只能记住42公里，后面的三位数怎么都记不住，我仔细研究后三位数，发现它们有个特别含义：195要救我，从此我准确记住了马拉松比赛的距离是42.195公里。再比如浚县现有的明城墙始建于哪一年？当时的皇帝是谁？答案是：明洪武3年,公历是1369年，这怎么好记住呢？记住369就行了，朱元璋年号就是洪武。这些足以证明有联系的东西才好记。学生使用英语常出错误的地方是最吸引我的地方，我要给他们一个，读起来朗朗上口的句子作为经典句子，作为学生正确使用英语的参照物，也是给他们个定心丸，这个词没啥，两个短语搞定，这个语法没啥，两个句子搞定。学生有了信心，有了兴趣，学好英语只是个时间问题，或者说指日可待。改变固有思维：学英语必须背单词，我们现在倡导：背单词不如背短语，背短语不如背句子。变孤立无援为紧密联系，联系越多，记得越牢。我们过去说孔子有言：父母在不远游。意思是父母健在子女不能到远方旅游。真的是这样吗？仔细读论语的人知道，这后边还有一句话被很多人忽略了，完整的版本是“父母在，不远游，游必有方”。不是说父母健在，子女不能出游，而是说必须告诉父母你出游到哪里去了。还有一个常见说法：好记性不如烂笔头，真是这样吗？老师讲的东西让学生记在本子上就完事了吗？决不是的。我们要完整的说，好记性不如烂笔头，烂笔头不如牢记在心。我们常说一句话：榜样的力量是无穷的我的学生还知道另一句话：经典句子的影响是无限的。在此，我愿意与在座的各位亲爱的同行们分享我多年来从课本，资料，小说，BBC和VOA 新闻网站，TED英语讲堂等渠道收集整理来的经典句子。大家或许会有种感觉，这些句子贴近生活，有情趣，有人文气息，富有哲理，释放正能量，读起来朗朗上口，拿在手里爱不释手。请大家来先来尝尝鲜：Ving短语作主语1. Respecting others is respecting ourselves. 尊重别人就是尊重我们自己。2. Helping others is helping ourselves. 帮助别人就是帮助我们自己。3. Doing big things is always hard.做大事总是很难。4. Sitting in the front cant guarantee a good score. 坐在前面并不能确保好成绩。5. Eating eggs does good to your memory.=Eating eggs is good for your memory吃鸡蛋对你的记忆力有益。学生学会短语：respect others，respecting ourselves,do big things, sit in the front, guarantee a good score, eat eggs,be good for , do good to-还会记住Ving短语作主语按单数处理。再比如 be like我们有这样的句子：Complaining is like vomiting. Afterwards you feel much better, but everyone around you feels sick.抱怨就好比呕吐，之后你觉得好受多了，但是你周围的每个人都会觉得恶心。8. Life is like a play: it is not the length，but the excellence of the acting that matters.人生就像一出戏：重要的不是它的长度，而是演出精彩与否。强调句型：What is it that can support us throughout our life? Its love. What is it that can enlighten our heart? Its knowledge. Who is it that can provide us both of them? Its our dedicated teachers.是什么能够支撑我们一生？是爱；是什么能够启迪我们的心灵？是知识；是谁能将这二者给予我们？那就是我们敬爱的老师。When +Ved When offered help, we should say“thank you ”.当被给予帮助时，我们应该说声“谢谢”。2.When asked what he had stolen, the thief kept silent.当被问及偷了什么，小偷默不作声。3. When introduced to strangers, she felt a bit shy. 当被介绍给陌生人时，她感到有点害羞。再来检验一下效果如何让大家看看学生仿经典句子写出来的句子：经典：Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。S: Where there is a school, there is a bookstore.哪里有学校，哪里就有书店。经典：Safety is the top concern. 安全第一。S: Health is the top concern. 健康第一。经典：Why does he work so hard when he is so rich? 既然他那么有钱，为什么还那么努力地工作？S: Why does she work so hard when she is so clever? 既然她那么聪明，为什么还那么努力地学习？S: Why do you play the computer when you have a mobile phone? 既然你有手机为什么还玩电脑?经典：I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. 我正在考虑这个事时，突然听见有人叫我的名字。S: I was about to leave when I heard my name called.我正要离开，突然听到有人叫我的名字。经典：The moment I saw her, I recognized her.我一看到她就认出了她。S: The moment I saw the new school, I fell in love with it.我一看到新学校就爱上了它。经典：.With time going on, I find learning English has become my major concern.随着时间的推移，我发现学习英语成了我关心的大事。S: With time going on, I find learning math has become easier.随着时间的推移， 我发现学习数学变得更容易了。接下来我就部分语法专题和大家交流高中英语经典句子背诵Typical English Sentences For Senior High Students原创作者：浚县一中 李希枫 2017.10. 榜样的力量是无穷的，经典句子的影响是无限的。专题一：谚语，俗语，警示语，励志语，祝福语1.Accuracy is the key to success.精确是成功的关键。2.Interest is the best teacher. 兴趣是最好的老师。3. All your efforts will eventually pay off. = Hard work pays off.天道酬勤。4. Accumulation is of great importance in learning a foreign language.= Accumulation is very important in learning a foreign language.积累在学习外语中很重要。5. The dictionary is a must in learning a foreign language.词典在学习外语中必不可少。6. You are unique. You will make a difference.你是独一无二的，你将有所作为。7. You can be what you want to be .你想成为什么样的人，就能成为什么样的人。8.You can remember what you want to remember. 你想记住什么就能记住什么。9.Remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. Alter what is changeable, and accept what is immutable.记住该记住的，忘掉该忘掉的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 10. As the old saying goes,“Rome was not built in a day.” 正如俗话所说“罗马不是一天建成的。”(冰冻三尺非一日之寒/伟业非一日之功。)11.As the old saying goes,“Two heads are better than one.”正如俗话所说“三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。/ 两人智慧胜一人。” 12.As the old proverb goes,“Great minds think alike.”正如古老的谚语所说“英雄所见略同。”13.All beginnings are hard. 万事开头难。专题二：Ving短语作主语按单数处理1. Doing what you like is freedom. Liking what you do is happiness. 做你喜欢的事是自由，喜欢你做的事是幸福。2. Being admitted to a key university is what most Chinese students wish for. 考上重点大学是多数中国学生梦寐以求的事。3.Being number one is not my only goal. 当第一不是我唯一的目标。4. Being angry doesnt solve so much. 生气不能解决多少问题。Cheating in the exam hurts fair competition.考试作弊不利于公平竞争。5.Going to the store is more like going to a battle. 去商店更像上战场。 6. Going hungry is just one of the problems the poor children face.挨饿只是这些穷孩子面临的问题之一。专题三：what 从句1. What he lacks is experience.他所缺乏的是经验。2.What she lacks is self-confidence.她所缺乏的是自信心3. What you lack is practice.你所缺乏的是练习。4. What I lack is patience.我所缺乏的是耐心。5. What we cant get seems better than what we have。 我们得不到的东西好像比我们拥有的东西更好。6. What impressed me most was her perseverance.给我印象最深刻的是她的坚持不懈。7.What surprised me most was that my grandparents mailed me a gift. 最让我惊讶的是我的爷爷奶奶给我寄了一个礼物。8. After what seemed to be an endless wait, it was her turn to see the manager.在经历了好像无穷无尽的等待之后，轮到她去见经理了。9. After what seemed to be a long time, the tunnel was dug through and they were rescued.在经过了好像很长时间之后，隧道被打通了，他们被营救出来。10.A modern school has been set up in what used to be a wasteland years ago.一座现代化的学校在几年前还是一片荒地的地方已经建起来了。11.A supermarket was built in what used to be an old temple.在过去是古庙的地方建起了一座超市。专题四：which 指代整个句子，译为“这，这一点”1.The teacher praised me, which made me feel good. 老师表扬了我，这让我感觉很爽。2. The teacher criticized me, which made him feel bad. 老师批评了他，这让我感觉很不爽。3.I got the first prize in the English Speech Contest held in our school last week, which made me very excited.在上周我们学校举行的英语演讲比赛中我得了一等奖，这让我很激动。Tu Youyou got the Nobel Prize, which made all the Chinese people feel proud.屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔奖，这一点让全体中国人感到自豪。专题五: 介词+which, 介词+whom 1.The police arrived, after which the situation became calmer. 警察到了，此后，局势变得平静了。2. He received training in a local training center, after which he went to Beijing. 他在当地的一家培训中心接受培训，此后，他去了北京。6.We have a lot of heroes, some of whom are not described enough in the history books. 我们有许多英雄，他们中的一些人在历史书中没有得到足够的记载。7.Chinas spokeswoman Hua Chunying said President Trumps action could lead to a trade war, in which both sides would be losers.中国的女发言人华春莹说：特朗普总统的举动可能导致贸易战，在这当中，双方都将成为输家。专题六 with 复合结构 with+n+Ving / with+n+Ved / with+n+ to do With Christmas approaching, the shopping mall is becoming more and more crowded.随着圣诞节的临近，购物中心越来越拥挤了。4.With the NMET approaching, the senior three graduates feel more and more pressure.随着高考的临近，高三的学生感到越来越多的压力。5.With spring coming, it gets warmer and warmer.随着春天的到来，天气越来越暖和了。6.With winter coming, it gets colder and colder.随着冬天的临近，天气越来越冷了。7.With his homework finished, the boy went out to play.由于作业写完了，男孩出去玩了。8.With my confidence built up, I now turn out to be a great talker.伴随着自信心的建立，我现在成了一个很能讲话的人。9.With so many problems to settle, he is to have a hard time.由于有这么多问题要解决，他未来的日子不好过。10.With so many dishes to wash, I cant go out with you.有这么多盘子要洗，我不能跟你出去。专题七 Ving 短语作解释说明/伴随状语1.He had a wonderful childhood, traveling with his mother to every corner of the world.他有一个美好的童年，和他妈妈一到旅行到世界各地。. I wrote him a letter, telling him I was grateful for his help.我给他写了一封信，告诉他我对他的帮助十分感激。4. I received a letter from him, saying that he was not pleased with the result.我收到他的来信，说他对这样的结果不满意。5. I received a phone call, asking me if I was willing to help a family in need.我接到一个电话问我是否乐意帮助一个有需要的家庭。We accomplish our goals one step at a time, doing a little each day.我们一步步完成我们的目标，每天完成一点。专题八 Ving 短语作结果状语1.English is spoken in so many countries, making it the most popular language in the world.那么多国家说英语，结果使它成为世界上最流行的语言。2. Soccer is played in over 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.八十多个国家踢足球，结果使它成为全世界流行最广的运动。3.He wrote articles for newspapers nationwide, making him famous.他给全国各地的报纸写文章，结果使他很出名。A major earthquake struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, killing thousands of people.2015年4月25日，尼泊尔发生大地震，结果导致成千上万的人死亡。6. Her parents were killed in the accident, leaving her an orphan.她的父母在事故中罹难，结果留下她一个孤儿。7.A strong quake struck Mexico City on September19, 2017, killing at least 200 people.2017年9月19日，墨西哥城发生强烈地震，结果导致至少200人死亡。专题九 Ving 短语作时间状语1. Hearing my explanation, my father was not angry any longer.听了我的解释，我爸爸不再生气了。2. Hearing the cry, a young man immediately jumped into the water without taking off his clothes.听到呼喊声，一个年轻人奋不顾身地跳入水中。专题十 不定式短语作目的状语1. To be admitted to a key university, all the students are working hard around the clock. 为了考上重点大学，所有的学生都在夜以继日地努力学习。2. To be a useful person to the society, we should learn more knowledge and skills.为了成为社会的有用之才，我们应该多学知识多长技能。3. To make his mother happy, he lied that he never sleeps in class.为了让他妈妈高兴，他撒谎说他从来不在课堂上睡觉。专题十一 可数名词表示类别三原则 a, the, 复数1.The world is so big that I want to take a look. 世界那么大我想去看看。2.New buildings are put up and old buildings are put down. 新建筑建起来了，旧建筑拆掉了。3.Horses are replaced by cars and buses. 小轿车，公共汽车取代了马。4.The lion is the king of the forest. 狮子是森林之王。5.Teachers are often compared to candles.教师经常被比作蜡烛。6.Children are often compared to flowers.儿童经常被比作花朵。专题十二 与when 相关的五个考点考点一：when doing sth当做某事的时候1. When speaking，you should make yourself heard. 说话的时候，你应该使自己被听见。2.When speaking，you should make yourself understood. 当说话的时候，你应该使自己被理解。3.When crossing the street，you cant be too careful. 过大街的时候，你如何小心都不为过。4.When taking an exam，you cant be too careful. 考试的时候，你如何细心都不为过。考点二：When done当被1.When offered help, we should say“thank you ”.当被给予帮助时，我们应该说声“谢谢”。2.When asked what he had stolen, the thief kept silent.当被问及偷了什么，小偷默不作声。3. When introduced to strangers, she felt a bit shy. 当被介绍给陌生人时，她感到有点害羞。考点三：was doing sth when-过去正在做某事突然间1. I was taking a nap when the alarm went off.我正在打盹突然闹钟响了。2.I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. 我正在考虑这个事时，突然听见有人叫我的名字。3.We were watching TV when （suddenly）we heard the door knocked. 我们正在看电视，突然听见有人敲门。4.We were watching TV when （suddenly） we heard the bell ringing. 我们正在看电视，突然听到门铃响了。考点四： was about to do-when-1.We were about to leave when it began to rain.我们正准备离开，天突然下起雨来。2. He was about to tell me the secret when someone patted him on the shoulder.他正准备把秘密告诉我，突然有人拍了拍他的肩膀。考点五 Why-when-既然为什么还1. Why do you bike to work when you have a car?既然你有车为什么还骑车上班？2. Why does he work so hard when he is so rich? 既然他那么有钱为什么还那么努力地工作？专题十三 一就 六种表达As soon as =immediately =instantly The moment, the minute, the second.The moment I saw you , I knew you were angry with me.我一看见你就知道你生我的气了。3.The thief ran away immediately he saw the police.小偷一看到警察就跑了。4. The second his head touched the pillow he fell asleep.他的头一碰枕头就睡着了。专题十四 强调句型1.It was he who made a mistake, but it was she who was punished. 是他犯的错误，但是是她受的惩罚。It is your IQ that gets you hired, but its your EQ that gets you promoted.是你的智商让你得到工作，但是你的情商才能让你得到提拔。5.What is it that can support us throughout our life? Its love. What is it that can enlighten our heart? Its knowledge. Who is it that can provide us both of them? Its our dedicated teachers.是什么能够支撑我们一生？是爱；是什么能够启迪我们的心灵？是知识；是谁能将这二者给予我们？那就是我们敬爱的老师。专题十五 第一个做某事的人1.Madam Curie was the first woman scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice.居里夫人是第一位两次获得诺贝尔奖的女科学家。2.Mo Yan is the first Chinese writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature.莫言是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国作家。3.Tu Youyou is the first Chinese woman scientist to win the Nobel Prize for medicine.屠呦呦是第一位获得诺贝尔医学奖的中国女科学家。4.The captain was the last person to leave the sinking ship.船长是最后一个离开沉船的人。 She is always the first person to enter the classroom and the last one to leave.她总是第一个进教室最后一个离开教室的人。专题十六 so that He was so excited that he couldnt fall asleep the whole night.他太激动了，一夜都没睡着觉。3.He was so tired that he fell asleep the second his head touched the pillow. 他是如此的累，以至于他的头一碰枕头就睡着了。（他很累，头一碰枕头就睡着了。）4.She was so nervous that she forgot all her lines.她是如此紧张以至于把所有台词都忘了。（她很紧张，把所有台词都忘了。）It was so dark that we couldnt see our fingers. 天是如此的黑以至于我们看不到我们的手指。（天很黑，我们伸手不见五指。）专题十七 so that 这样以来1. He went to England so that he could improve his English.他去英国了，这样以来他就能提高他的英语了。2. We must keep ourselves healthy so that we can study well and work well.我们必须保证身体健康，这样以来我们就能学习好，身体好。3. Everyone should do his bit to protect the environment, so that we can make the earth a better place to live in.每个人都应该尽自己的绵薄之力来保护我们的环境，这样以来我们才能把地球变成更适合居住的地方。专题十八 where 引导的状语从句1. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。2. Where there is a river, there is a city.哪里有河流哪里就有城市。Make a mark where you have a question. 在你有问题的地方做一个记号。6. You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.你应该养成一个规矩把东西放在下次能找到的地方。专题十九 Where引导的宾语从句1. Next Friday, hes leaving for where his parents worked 20 years ago .下周五，他要动身去他父母20年前工作的地方。2. He hurried across to where she was sitting.他快速跑过去到她坐着的地方。3. A supermarket was built in where stood an old temple.在过去是古庙的地方建了一个超市。专题二十 be like 1.She is like her mother. They both like shopping online.她像她妈妈一样，她们俩都喜欢网上购物。2. He is like his father. They both like hiking in the forest.他像他爸爸一样，他们两个都喜欢在森林里徒步旅行3. Books are like wise teachers as well as good friends. 书籍就像是良师益友。Trust is like a piece of paper. When it creases, it can never recover even if it is smoothed.信任就像一张纸，当它皱了，即使抚平，也恢复不了原样。7.Complaining is like vomiting. Afterwards you feel much better, but everyone around you feels sick.抱怨就好比呕吐，之后你觉得好受多了，但是你周围的每个人都会觉得恶心。8.Life is like a play: it is not the length，but the excellence of the acting that matters.人生就像一出戏：重要的不是它的长度，而是演出精彩与否。专题二十一 only to find 结果却发现1. He hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday.他匆匆忙忙跑到学校，结果却发现是星期天。2.He ran through the living room, only to find the front door locked.他跑过客厅，结果却发现前门锁着。3.I want to give you all the best, only to find you are the bes