IP网络的现状和发展.ppt

计算机网络技术的历史和新进展,主要内容,Internet的发展和成功经验高速计算机网络技术发展的现状国际高速计算机网络技术研究计划中国计算机网络技术研究计划高速计算机网络技术发展战略机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会,WhatisaNetwork?(fromendsystempointofview),Networkoffersaservice:moveinformationbird,fire,messenger,truck,telegraph,telephone,Internetanotherexample,transportationservice:moveobjectshorse,train,truck,airplane.Whatdistinguishdifferenttypesofnetworks?TheservicestheyprovideWhatdistinguishtheservices?latencybandwidthlossratenumberofendsystemsserviceinterface(howtoinvoke?)otherdetailsreliability,unicastvs.multicast,real-time,messagevs.byte.,WhatisaNetwork?InfrastructureCentricView,ElectronsandphotonsascommunicationmediumLinks:fiber,copper,satellite,Switches:mechanical/electronic/optical,crossbar/BanyanProtocols:TCP/IP,ATM,MPLS,SONET,Ethernet,PPP,X.25,FrameRelay,AppleTalk,IPX,SNAFunctionalities:routing,errorcontrol,congestioncontrol,QualityofService(QoS)Applications:FTP,WEB,Xwindows,.,TypesofNetworks,GeographicaldistanceLocalAreaNetworks(LAN):Ethernet,Tokenring,FDDIMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MAN):DQDB,SMDSWideAreaNetworks(WAN):X.25,ATM,framerelayInformationtypedatanetworksvs.telecommunicationnetworksApplicationtypespecialpurposenetworks:airlinereservationnetwork,bankingnetwork,creditcardnetwork,telephonygeneralpurposenetwork:Internet,TypesofNetworks,Righttouseprivate:enterprisenetworkspublic:telephonynetwork,InternetOwnershipofprotocolsproprietary:SNAopen:IPTechnologiesterrestrialvs.satellitewiredvs.wirelessProtocolsIP,AppleTalk,SNA,TheInternet,Globalscale,generalpurpose,heterogeneous-technologies,public,computernetworkInternetProtocolopenstandard:InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)asstandardbodytechnicalbasisforothertypesofnetworksIntranet:enterpriseIPnetworkDevelopedbytheresearchcommunity,HistoryoftheInternet,70s:startedasaresearchproject,56kbps,100computers80-83:ARPANETandMILNETsplit,85-86:NSFbuildsNSFNETasbackbone,links6Supercomputercenters,1.5Mbps,10,000computers87-90:linkregionalnetworks,NSI(NASA),ESNet(DOE),Bartnet,100,000computers90-92:NSFNETmovesto45Mbps,16mid-levelnetworks94:NSFbackbonedismantled,multipleprivatebackbonesToday:backbonesrunat2.4Gbps,10smillionscomputersin150countries,GrowthoftheInternet,NumberofHostsontheInternet:Aug.1981213Oct.19841,024Dec.198728,174Oct.1990313,000Oct.19932,056,000Apr.19955,706,000Jul.199719,540,000Jul.200093,047,785,RecentGrowth(1991-2000),WhoisWhoontheInternet?,InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF):TheIETFistheprotocolengineeringanddevelopmentarmoftheInternet.Subdividedintomanyworkinggroups,whichspecifyRequestForCommentsorRFCs.IRTF(InternetResearchTaskForce):TheInternetResearchTaskForceisacomposedofanumberoffocused,long-termandsmallResearchGroups.InternetArchitectureBoard(IAB):TheIABisresponsiblefordefiningtheoverallarchitectureoftheInternet,providingguidanceandbroaddirectiontotheIETF.TheInternetEngineeringSteeringGroup(IESG):TheIESGisresponsiblefortechnicalmanagementofIETFactivitiesandtheInternetstandardsprocess.Standards.ComposedoftheAreaDirectorsoftheIETFworkinggroups.,InternetStandardizationProcess,AllstandardsoftheInternetarepublishedasRFC(RequestforComments).ButnotallRFCsareInternetStandards!available:Atypical(butnotonly)wayofstandardizationis:InternetDraftsRFCProposedStandardDraftStandard(requires2workingimplementation)InternetStandard(declaredbyIAB)DavidClark,MIT,1992:Wereject:kings,presidents,andvoting.Webelievein:roughconsensusandrunningcode.”,ServicesProvidedbytheInternet,Sharedaccesstocomputingresourcestelnet(1970s)Sharedaccesstodata/filesFTP,NFS(1980s)Communicationmediumoverwhichpeopleinteractemail(1980s),on-linechatrooms,instantmessaging(1990s)audio,video(1990s)replacingtelephonenetwork?AmediumforinformationdisseminationUSENET(1980s)WWW(1990s)replacingnewspaper,magazine?audio,video(1990s)replacingradio,CD,TV?,TodaysVision,Everythingisdigital:voice,video,music,pictures,liveeventsEverythingison-line:bankstatement,medicalrecord,books,airlineschedule,weather,highwaytraffic,toaster,refrigeratorEveryoneisconnected:doctor,teacher,broker,mother,son,friends,enemies,WhatisNext?,ElectroniccommercevirtualenterpriseInternetentertainmentinteractivesitcomWorldasasmallvillagecommunityorganizedaccordingtointerestsenhancedunderstandingamongdiversegroupsElectronicdemocracylittlepeoplecanvoicetheiropinionstothewholeworldbridgethegapbetweeninformationhavesandhavenosElectronicterrorismhackercanbringthewholeworldtoitsknee,IndustrialPlayers,Telephonecompaniesownlong-haulandaccesscommunicationlinks,customersCablecompaniesownaccesslinksWireless/SatellitecompaniesalternativecommunicationlinksUtilitycompanies:power,water,railwayownrightofwaytolaydownmorewiresMediumcompaniesowncontentInternetServiceProvidersEquipmentcompaniesswitches/routers,chips,optics,computersSoftwarecompanies,CommercialInternetafter1994,NSFNetwork,RegionalISP,AmericaOnLine,IBM,Bartnet,CampusNetwork,JoesCompany,Stanford,XeroxParc,Berkeley,NSFNetwork,InternetMCI,UUnet,SprintNet,Modem,IBM,Backbone,ISP,ISP,InternetPhysicalInfrastructure,ResidentialAccessModemDSLCablemodemSatellite,Enterprise/ISPaccess,BackbonetransmissionT1/T3,DS-1DS-3OC-3,OC-12ATMvs.SONET,vs.WDM,CampusnetworkEthernet,ATMInternetServiceProvidersaccess,regional,backbonePointofPresence(POP)NetworkAccessPoint(NAP),LinksforLongHaulTransmission,TypesoflinksT1/DS1:1.544MbpsT3/DS3:44.736MbpsSTS-1/OC-1:51.850MbpsSTS-3/OC-3:155.2MbpsSTS-12/OC-12:622.080MbpsSTS-48/OC-48:2.488GbpsSTS-192/OC-192:9.953GbpsHigherlevelsofservicesofferedcommerciallyFrameRelayATM,PossibilitiesIPoverSONETIPoverATMIPoverFrameRelayIPoverWDM,计算机网络发展历史回顾,七十年代的计算机网络X.25分组交换网：各国的电信部门建设运行各种专用的网络体系结构：SNA，DNAInternet的前身ARPANET进行实验运行八十年代的计算机网络标准化计算机网络体系结构：OSI局部网络LAN技术空前发展建成NSFNET，Internet初具规模九十年代的计算机网络Internet空前发展Web技术在Internet/Intranet得到广泛应用,计算机网络与其他网络的关系,电信网络,计算机网络,电视网络,通信基础传输网（光纤、卫星、微波等）,电话传真,电子邮件信息浏览IP电话,新闻广播电视节目,Internet发展规模和趋势,Internet的发展速度是历史上发展最快的一种技术以商业化后达到5000万用户为例电视用了13年，收音机用了38年，电话更长Internet从商业化后达到5000万用户用了4年时间Internet正在以超过摩尔定理的速度发展,Internet的成功经验,有远见的政府不断支持：1969有风险的企业参与和投入：NSF：MCI、IBMvBNS：MCI；Abilene:Qwest，CISCO联合协作的开放式研究：IETF/RFC教育和科研的示范网络为起点具有实验物理学的研究特点ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS简单实用的技术路线：TCP/IP,Researchand,Development,Commercialization,Partnerships,Privatization,NSFNET,Internet2,Abilene,vBNS,AdvancedUSGovtNetworks,ARPAnet,gigabit,testbeds,Active,Nets,wireless,WDM,SprintLink,InternetMCI,USGovt,Networks,ANS,Interoperable,HighPerformance,RNGI的进展：NGI实现计划（1998年2月）NGI概念文章（1997年7月）,NGI目标1：先进网络技术的实验研究,网络工程规划和模拟；监视；集成；数据传递；网络管理；动态和自适应的网络服务质量（端到端）服务质量体系结构；允许控制，计费和优先权；可观察和控制的API；DrillDown技术安全用户用安全和公平的方法服务网络资源；优越的网络管理；网络内部的监视；游动/远程访问；公钥基础设施,NGI目标2：下一代网络测试床,开发下一代网络测试床，用比现在Internet快100倍以上的速度连接至少100个大学和国家研究实验室以1997年1.54Mbps计，10个连接点速度达到比现在Internet快1000倍端到端连接速度达到100Mbps1GbpsNGI目标2包括高性能连接：开发广域网结构，用100+Mbps速度连接100个广域点下一代网络技术和超高性能连接：开发超高速交换和传输技术，用1+Gbps速度连接10个以上的局域点主要策略：协调建立一个高性能的协作网络利用现有的网络试验床：vBNS,ESnet,NREN评价标准：连接点的数量，端到端的性能支持目标1的研究，支持目标3的应用,NGI目标3：革命性的网络应用,开发今天Internet没有，对国家重要的网络应用健康保健：远程医疗、紧急医疗响应支持教育：远程教育、数字图书馆科学研究：能源、地理系统、气象、生物国家安全：高性能全球通信、先进的信息传播环境：监测、预测、警告、响应政府：传递政府服务和信息给公民和企业突发事件：灾难响应、危机管理设计和制造：制造工程主要策略：重点研究基础性应用分布式计算应用、协同性应用,vBNSCooperativeAgreement,CompetitivelyawardedinApril1995EstablishedbytheNSFinordertoensuretheavailabilityofhighperformancenetworkingresourcesfortheUSResearch&EducationcommunityfostertheadvancementofnetworkingtechnologyNSFcontributes:programmanagementandfundingMCIcontributes:bandwidth,equipment,andengineering,SanFrancisco,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,SanDiegoSupercomputerCenter,Houston,Denver,AmeritechNAP,Chicago,NationalCenterforSupercomputingApplications,Cleveland,Perryman,MD,SprintNAP,MFSNAP,PittsburghSupercomputingCenter,LosAngeles,A,Atlanta,A,NewYorkCity,vBNSBackboneNetworkMap,Boston,Washington,DC,Seattle,A,A,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,C,J,J,AscendGRF400Cisco7507JuniperM40FOREASX-1000NAP,A,C,DS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48,J,SanFrancisco,NationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch,SanDiegoSupercomputerCenter,Houston,Denver,Chicago,NationalCenterforSupercomputingApplications,Cleveland,Perryman,MD,PittsburghSupercomputingCenter,LosAngeles,Atlanta,NewYorkCity,vBNSBackbone3Q99,Boston,Washington,DC,Seattle,Internet2,UCAID（120多个大学会员）的一项研究计划UniversityCorporationforAdvancedInternetDevelopment形成大学试验网，开发下一代Internet技术和应用IPv6，Multicasting，QOS以竞争方式得到NGI计划的经费支持NGI是政府计划，Internet2是大学合作计划相互补充，相互依靠Internet2和NGI的合作范围NSF支持的vBNSInternet2将建立用于地区连接的gigaPoPInternet2的许多网络应用开发由NGI支持,AdvancedInternetBenefits,RichercontentthroughhigherbandwidthVideo,audioVirtualrealityDynamicnotstaticMoreinteractivityviaminimaldelayReliablecontentdeliverythroughqualityofservicemodel,Internet2Applications,Deliverqualitativeandquantitativeimprovementsintheconductof:ResearchTeachingLearningRequireadvancednetworking,ManyDisciplinesandContexts,SciencesArtsHumanitiesHealthcareBusiness/LawAdministration,InstructionCollaborationStreamingvideoDistributedcomputationDataminingVirtualrealityDigitallibraries,VirtualLaboratories,InteractiveresearchandinstructionReal-timeaccesstoremotescientificinstruments,ImagescourtesyoftheUniversityofMichigan,VirtualLaboratories,Real-timeaccesstoremoteinstrumentsUniversityofPittsburgh,PittsburghSupercomputingCenter3-DBrainMapping,DigitalLibraries,VideoandaudioIndianaUniversityVariationsProject,DistributedComputation,Multi-sitedatabasesOldDominionUniversityChesapeakeBaySimulation,ImagecourtesyofOldDominionUniversity,Teleimmersion,SharedvirtualrealityUniversityofIllinoisatChicagoVirtualTemporalBone,ImagescourtesyUnivofIllinois-Chicago,Abilene,Projectannounced14April1998byVPGoreMostadvancedandfarreachingresearchandeducationnetworkintheworldsupportadvancedresearchapplicationsintegratedadvancednetworkservicesDevelopedbyUCAIDQwest,NortelandCiscocorporatepartnersAdvancednativeIPbackbonenetworkavailabletouniversitiesparticipatinginUCAIDsInternet2project,AbileneCharacteristics,2.4Gbps(OC48)amonggigaPoPs,increasingto9.6Gbps(OC192)Connectionsat622Mbps(OC12)or155Mbps(OC3)IPoverSonettechnologyAccessPoPsveryclosetoalmostalloftheanticipateduniversitygigaPoPs,AbileneSchedule,Fall1998:Demonstratednetworkatmembermeeting,inpre-productionatseveraluniversities,connectedtoChicagoswitchforSTARTAPJanurary1999:AbileneinserviceByDecember1999:around65institutionsconnected,TheTransPACNetwork,Thenetworkisbasedona70MbpsVBR-nrtATMinternationalconnectionbetweentheSTARTAPinChicagoandtheAPANTokyoexchangepoint.TheunderlyingATMserviceprovidedbyAT&T/KDD.TransPACprovidesATMandIP-layeruserservices.APAN-TransPAC-vBNS/Canarieprovidesoneoftheworldslargesthigh-performanceresearchnetworksandconstitutesthepremierglobaltestbedfordevelopingnextgenerationnetworkprotocolsandservices.,STARTAP,Science,TechnologyAndResearchTransitAccessPoint”Apersistentinfrastructuretofacilitatethelong-terminterconnectionofadvancedinternationalnetworkinginsupportofcollaborationsinresearchandeducationFundedbytheNSFCISENetworkingandCommunicationsResearchandInfrastructuredivision.AnchorstheinternationalvBNSconnectionsprogram.,STARTAPCommonInterconnectforNGI,Internet2,InternationalHigh-PerformanceNetworks,December1998http:/www.canarie.ca,Bill.St.Arnaudcanarie.cahttp:/Tweetie.canarie.ca/bstarnTel:+1.613.785.0426,“CanadasNationalOpticalInternet”,GigaPOP,CA*net3NationalOpticalNetwork,Vancouver,Calgary,Regina,Winnipeg,Ottawa,Montreal,Toronto,Halifax,St.Johns,Fredericton,Charlottetown,RAN,BCnet,WURCnet,SRnet,MRnet,ONet,RISQ,ACORN,OC3,OC3,DS3,OC12,OC48,Chicago,STARTAP,CA*net3,OC12,Teleglobe,中国的Internet,中国Internet的发展中国1994年4月正式与Internet连接，到XXXX年XX月XX日发展的部分统计数据。1999/12/312000/06/302001/011、我国上网计算机数(万台)：350650892专线上网(万台)：41101141拨号上网(万台)：3095497512、我国上网用户人数(万)：89016902250专线上网人数(万)：109258364拨号上网人数(万)：66611761543移动终端、家电人数(万):59923、我国WWW站点数(个)：1515327289265405中文域名数为(个)：717274、我国国际线路的总容量为(M)：35112342799连接的国家有美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、英国、德国、法国、日本、韩国等。,中国科学技术计算机网（CSTNET）NCFC（APT），CASnet，CERnetCSTnet：信息服务、超级计算、CNNIC1999/12/312000/06/302001/0110M10M55M中国公用计算机互联网（CHINANET）邮电部主管，依托CHANAPAC、CHANADDN、PSTN，1995年6月完成1999/12/312000/06/302001/01291M711M1953M（北京170M、上海214M、广州327M）（北京721M、上海661M、广州571M）中国教育和科研计算机网（CERNET）教育部主管，10主结点，完全采用TCP/IP技术，1995年12月完成1999/12/312