（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）中西方翻译标准对译者主体性的影响——以四首唐诗的不同英译本为例.pdf

华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 iii 摘摘 要要 随着翻译实践和翻译理论不断发展和日臻完善，新的翻译方法和理论不断涌现， 尤其是从文化差异的角度来看。 因此，在具体翻译的过程中，翻译人员将译者的主 体性从很大程度上展现出来。此外，译者的主体性成为相关学术研究中的最重要主 题。 译者主体性的研究经常与翻译本质、 翻译过程与翻译批评研究紧密相连。 它 激发了译者在翻译过程中的文化研究，还导致了所谓的“译者的转向”即在翻译过 程中译者从以语言与文化为中心的翻译学转向以译者为中心的翻译学。 译者的主体性的研究经历了两个阶段-起步阶段和发展阶段。第一阶段强调在 翻译过程中译者的地位以及重要性。第二阶段从 2002 年开始，这标志着翻译领域开 始从多维和多层面对译者的主体性进行研究。 翻译是一种跨文化的和语际间的活动，它同时涉及语言和文化的传递，换句话 说，它是一种超越文化的过程。这个术语“翻译的主体性”之所以能在中国出现主 要是因为受到西方翻译研究的影响，尤其是 20 世纪 90 年代的文化转向。从那时起， 翻译研究的视野从规模上不断扩大。当前，中国人民正在向世界各地传播典型的传 统的中华文明。在这样的背景下，唐诗英译将会极大地促进中国与其他具有着截然 不同文化间国之间的跨文化沟通。 在这篇论文中，我首先对一些中西翻译标准进行了比较分析，因为他们对译者 的主体性的发挥有很大的影响。 然后，我通过分析四首唐诗的不同英语版本来说明 译者主体性的价值和意义， 从而得出以下结论，即，由于译者不同的审美观，大相 径庭的思想观念，不同的社会制约因素，颇有偏差的读者接受程度，四唐诗歌的不 同译本都有值得称赞或者引起读者和评论家们质疑的地方。 此外，在对不同的英语版本比较和对比的过程中，我还得出一个结论,翻译的多 样化合传递性赋予译者更多的自由，译者在翻译的过程中才有可能去大胆地想像和 创建。 我们可以说不同的翻译人员可以从相同的原始创建不同的翻译。 译者是翻 译中最具活力的因素。 其目的、 策略、 方法与审美极大地影响了形成的目标文本。 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 iv 正是由于翻译方式的多样性和合理性给译者提供了更多的空间， 让译者在翻译过程 中能够大胆地想象和在原文基础上进行独到的创作。此外，翻译标准的多样化，以 及在原有翻译理论上发展而来的新派翻译标准对译者主体性的发挥起到了促进作 用。 关键词:关键词: 译者 主体性 翻译标准 唐诗 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 i abstract because of the constantly-developing translation and translating theories, new translation methodologies and theories are surging, especially those from the perspective of culture differences. accordingly, the translators subjectivity, which is largely demonstrated in the process of translation by the translators, becomes a most significant topic in related academic researches. the study of translators subjectivity is frequently connected to the research of the essence, process, and criticism of translation. it has stimulated the cultural study of translation, which would definitely lead to the so-called “translator turn”, the turn from the language and culture oriented study to the human-subjected study. the study of translators subjectivity has gone through two stages-the beginning stage and the developing stage. the first stage has marked itself the calling on and the researching of the status and importance of the translator in the process of translation. the second stage began in 2002, marking itself with the multi-angle and multi-level study of the translators subjectivity. translation is by definition interlingual and intercultural, it involves both linguistic and cultural transfer; in other words, it is a culture-transcending process. the term translators subjectivity appeared in china because of being impacted by the western translation study, especially after the cultural turn in the 1990s. since that, the horizon of translation study has been broadened in large scale. these days, chinese people are spreading the typical traditional chinese civilization around the world. at the context of it, translating tang poetry into english will contribute greatly to the intercultural communication between china and the other countries with sheer and distinct differences. in this thesis, firstly, i make some expression on the chinese and western translation criteria since they have great impacts on the exertion of the translators subjectivity. then, i take different english versions of four tang poems as the conveyer to illustrate the value and significance of the translators subjectivity. my specifying and analyzing of the four tang poems aims to unfold my view resulted from the variety and possibility of 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 ii understanding of tang poetry. moreover, in the process of comparing and contrasting to different english versions, i make a conclusion in the end of the thesis that the variety and possibility of interpretation provides more freedom for the translator to imagine and create. we can say distinct translators can create distinct translation from the same original. the translator is the most dynamic factor in translation. his/her purpose, strategies, methods, and aesthetic greatly influence the formation of the target text. for the constantly-surging translation criteria stimulate and promote the translators to exert more individual means to fulfill their translating practice, translators have enjoyed more freedom in interpreting and creating in target language, and according they are endowed to play the role as creators on the base of the source language texts to much extent. key words: translator subjectivity translation criteria tang poetry 独创性声明独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研 究成果。尽我所知，除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或 集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在 文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到，本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权 保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。 本人授权华中科技大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检 索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 保密 ，在_ _年解密后适用本授权书。 不保密。 （请在以上方框内打“” ） 学位论文作者签名： 指导教师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 日期： 年 月 本论文属于 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 1 introduction the term translators subjectivity appeared in china because of being impacted by the western translation study, especially after the cultural turn in the 1990s. since that, the horizon of translation study has been broadened in large scale. these days, chinese people are spreading the typical traditional chinese civilization around the world. at the context of it, translating tang poetry into english will contribute greatly to the intercultural communication between china and the other countries with sheer and distinct differences. needless to say, china boasts a pride of poetry, which plays a significant part in the history of chinese literature. especially, in the tang dynasty, history witnessed the prosperity and affluence of poetry with various and flourishing forms which were produced by different poets, especially those in the high tang period, such as li bai, du fu, bai juyi, wang wei and meng haoran and so on. thus tang poetry has been regarded as the most precious and fascinating cultural heritage of chinese culture. in this case, scholars theories of poetry translation are important to the translation of tang poetry into english. in 1990, susan bassnett and andre lefevere remarked that the study of the practice of translation had moved on from its formalist phase and was beginning to consider broader issues of context, history and convention, they argued that translation, especially translation of literature should be done in the context of the given culture, because a writer does not write in a vacuum: he or she is the product of a particular culture, of a particular moment in time, and the writing reflects those factors such as race, gender, age, class, and birth place as well as the stylistic, idiosyncratic features of the individual. moreover, the material conditions in which the text is produced, sold, marked and read also have a crucial role to play. all these statements bring a new insight in translators exertion of skills and strategies in translating practice, especially when they translate tang poetry into english. just as gentzler (2001:146) puts it, “the deconstructionists entire project is intricately relevant to questions of translation theory, and that their thinking is seminal to any understanding of the theoretical problems of the translation process.” deconstruction 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 2 theory questions languages and terms, systems, and concepts, and denies the authority of the source text and the author. whats more, deconstructionists assume that translation is not merely to “copy” or “imitate” the source-language text. instead, the source text is constantly being rewritten in translation and each translation is actually a reconstruction of the source text. therefore, translation is no longer a passive process, but a process the translator actively participates in. additionally, skopos theory, which were prompted in germany in the late 1970s, “drew inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories” (baker, 2004:235). furthermore, it stands for “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” (baker, 2004:235). according to nord (1997:27-28), there are a couple of different explanations for the intention in translating process: “the general purpose aimed at by the translator in the translation process(perhaps to earn a living)， the communicative purpose aimed at by the target text in the target situation (perhaps to instruct the reader)and the purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure(for example, to translate literally in order to show the structural particularities of the source language)”. from the above theories, we can easily draw the conclusion that “translation is by definition interlingual and intercultural, it involves both linguistic and cultural transfer; in other words, it is a culture-transcending process” (baker, 2004:236). this thesis focus on the marginalization of the translator in the traditional translation study, and then introduces the change of the translators status in translation history and the studies of the translators role since the “cultural turn”. whats more, it discussed the translators subjectivity, which is manifested in the whole process of translation, from the aspects of the translators ideology, cultural standpoint, purpose and aesthetic taste, etc., and some cultural and historical constraints. in the translating process, the translator should show the self-determination. additionally, the translator is supposed to be a creator, whose function is to create the translation that can create a new universe. the variety and possibility of interpretation provides more freedom for the translator to imagine and create. 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 3 we can say distinct translators can create distinct translation from the same original. relatively, the significance of studies on the translators subjectivity, which is conducive to the development of translation practice and translation criticism. all of these provide a new insight for translations into the future of their work, including translation of tang poetry into english without any suspicion. from these theories, we are bound to benefit a lot in analyzing the importance of the translators subjectivity, and have deeper insights into the significant of consideration towards many other elements besides the source text, which will be demonstrated in details in the following parts. the translator is the most dynamic factor in translation. his/her purpose, strategies, methods, and aesthetic greatly influence the formation of the target text. the translator has the right to interpret and create in translating process, and the right endows the translator with the status as a creator. based on deconstruction translation theory, the thesis studies the performance of the translators subjectivity in poetry translation as well as restrictions on the translators subjectivity so as to further promote translation practice and translation criticism. this thesis is composed of four parts. firstly, in the first part of the thesis, the commentary and evaluation on translation and translator has been discussed. besides, the influence of the chinese and western translation theories and criterion on the translators subjectivity has been mentioned. then, it examines the marginalization of the translator in the traditional translation study, and then introduces the change of the translators status in translation history and the studies of the translators role since the “cultural turn”. secondly, i take the english translation of tang poetry as the conveyer to support my own view. my specifying of tang poetry to support my view results from the variety and possibility of understanding of tang poetry. the variety and possibility of interpretation provides more freedom for the translator to imagine and create. we can say distinct translators can create distinct translation from the same original. thirdly, it discussed the translators subjectivity, which is manifested in the whole process of translation, from the aspects of the translators ideology, cultural standpoint, purpose and aesthetic taste, etc., and some cultural and historical constraints. in the 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 4 translating process, the translator should show the self-determination. additionally, the translator is supposed to be a creator, whose function is to create the translation that can create a new the universe. fourthly, i illustrate the significance of studies on the translators subjectivity, which is conducive to the development of translation practice and translation criticism.the last part is a conclusion, summarizing the whole thesis. 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 5 1 literature review with these new trends translation research is no longer confined to the study of the translated text itself through conveying faithfulness in different cultural backgrounds. scholars have noticed the function of the translated text in the target culture, the role of translation as a means of cultural exchange, and the crucial status of the translator as the most dynamic factor in the whole process of translation. translation is regarded as a special political, cultural and literary activity in the target-language society, and the translated text is the result of the translators overall consideration of the relevant factors in the target culture. more and more theorists have come to realize that translation, especially the literary translation, is an activity of cross-cultural communication. enormous importance has been attached to the translator and his/her subjectivity in translation process. some scholars have directly stressed the importance of the translator and the translator has even appeared in the title of their collections. whats more, translation is frequently defined as an activity that unavoidably involves at least two language and tow cultural contexts. therefore, the “value” behind it may be described and consisting of two major elements: a. being a text in a certain language, and hence occupying, or filling in a slot, in the proper culture, or in a certain section, b. constituting a representation in that language/culture of another, pre-existing text in some other langue, belonging to some other culture and occupying definite position within it. if there were no regulative capacity of translation criteria, the paradoxes between the source language and target language would have to be handled on a totally individual basis. consequently, extreme free variation may become prevailing in translation. obviously, the translation behavior within a culture represents certain regularities, therefore, “the persons-in-the-culture can often tell when a translator has failed to adhere to sanctioned practices. in other words, a translator may subject him/herself either to the source language(sl) text with the criteria it has realized, or to the criteria active in the target culture or in that section of it. translation is often defined as a complicated subject of human reflection and 华华 中中 科科 技技 大大 学学 硕硕 士士 学学 位位 论论 文文 6 response. we know nothing about when preoccupation with the manifold problems of translation surged. the focus upon translating actions maybe was closely connected to the awareness that all human beings were born with certain competence and capacity so that they were able to express themselves in different languages. and what more, the situation could not be compensated by international traditions and customs of language, as well as routine language principles. it is during the romanic period that the question of to what extent the source language text should be translated had gradually been concerned largely. moreover, the question of whether a source language text is translatable or untranslatable turned into a spotlight in the following translation practices. now that many translators in primary period frequently differed from each other with divergent opinions and standpoints, later, these translators debated fiercely on the criteria of translating in terms of their own theoretical bases. the process of translation, especially scientifically and literarily, includes a sequence of formulation and principles which are largely decided by the power of creativity. the translator is obliged to choose either a method directed toward the source language or another method oriented to the target language. whichever method the translator resorts to, he or she probably would adopt qualitatively short of the original in one or the other of these two specific ways. with nearly a hundred years passing by, the question of a texts translatability or untranslatability return to an emphasis. certain artificial barriers to translation are being erected which collapse as soon as we start to consider translation to be the reproduction of a series of the source language symbols which possess the status of a textual segment. “the problematic nature of translation is not the result of a language-dependent cognitive process whose findings vary from language to langue, so that different languages cannot express the same content. rather, it is much more a consequence of the fact that the results of the cognitive process are codified differently in different languages, that is to say, the concept resulting from the cognitive process, which takes shape first as a local variable, changes into a certain semantic value owing to a conventional association with a phonetic form; the association phen