外文翻译--复式少耕整地技术的发展与新机具

附录 Compound reduced tillage soil preparation technology of development and new machines Abstract: sustainable development and conservation tillage is the primary content of farming machinery development. Agricultural machinery has achieved seriation, standardization and socialization of production levels, and the machine, electricity, liquid, automation and positioning and other high and new technology applied in the farming machinery. Tillage machinery also got great progress, double joint reduced tillage soil preparation technology is the future development trend of agricultural machinery, protective soil, maintain ecological environment and meet the requirements of the conservation tillage agriculture compound, reduced tillage, combined tillage soil preparation machine will play an important role in agricultural production. Key words: compound reduced tillage soil preparation machine； Tillage machinery； Disc harrow. In recent years, the agriculture is faced with energy crisis, waste of resources, population increase, arable land decrease, soil fertility decline, the rise in the cost of ecological imbalance, environment pollution and the grim situation, all countries in the world in the corresponding countermeasures and agricultural development strategy, put forward the agricultural sustainable development is given priority to with deep loosening body of conservation tillage technology such as no-till less. In all the countermeasures, and the development direction of farming machinery as a strategic priority. Western developed countries began to develop in the early 1970 s and expansion, to adapt to the high yield and agronomic requirements of new agricultural machinery research and development reduce cost increase efficiency and maintain ecological environment and conservation tillage technique and form a complete set of machines and tools. Traditional tools based on constant innovation in structure: to increase the furrow plough the soil properties, continuation to huasheng body； Prior to plough devices with small plough or coulter, reduce machine work resistance； With the hydraulic oil cylinder tillage amplitude adjustment and suspension frame transverse position, in order to increase its adaptability； After a plough body can be folded upwards to reduced tillage, flip agencies add pin set device； Deep furrow plough and loose on the device is equipped with various forms of security； Disc harrow Angle adjustment and frame of the folding wing with a hydraulic oil cylinder control, some disc harrow products w ith lateral transport device； Will deep loosening and ploughing up organic knot together, make the soil to flip up and down inside the top 20 cm, lower deep loosening between 20 to 35 cm； In order to improve the vehicle performance, in the deep loose handle on add a layer or two layers of wings shovel, soil to form the upper finely, and lower the actual situation, for the growing of crops, and provides a good soil conditions,Is conducive to crop growth. National large and medium-sized tractors became more perfect, has increased year by year. Huasheng plow, disc harrow, and deep loosening machine towards traditional tools such as product with 147 kw or more large and medium-sized tractors with increase direction, perfect structure and function. Plowing machinery to adapt to various soil conditions, and to meet the needs of different farming system development, thus must continually develop new working parts. Study: big company attaches great importance to working parts in the furrow plough on before using various types of plow body surface and small plough； On disc harrow adopts various curvature radius, diameter and shape on the disc harrow piece； Driven tillage and soil preparation machine is a wide variety of working parts. On the same machine, through the replacement parts to adapt to changing working conditions, thus expanding the function of products, improve the adaptability of region, the engine and reduces the users upgrade. Its working parts are standard, standardization and mass production. With the research and production of farming machinery, rate of tractor is widely used, especially the difference led to tillage machinery development to the direction of more varieties and series, wide, high speed and high efficient low consumption direction development, to the electronic monitoring, hydraulic pressure and high and new technology such as modularized design direction. With matching plow land preparation, therefore, mechanical products, also continues to broaden the scope of form a complete set with the tractor, minimize component types and structure, by helping to improve the degree of standardization, seriation and generalizing to meet market demand. Because driven machines and make full use of the tractor power, can control effect on soil strength, can satisfy various work requirements, the company has attached great importance to driven the soil preparation machine product development and production. At present, the existing rotary plough, power shovel, rotary cultivator and power harrow tillage soil preparation machine use more power output shaft of the tractor, through mechanical transmission drivers working parts. At the same time, also study produced by the tractor pto drive hydraulic system, driven by hydraulic motor and working parts of the new type plow soil preparation machine. Existing driven tillage soil preparation machine mainly include the rotary tiller and stubble machine, etc, are powered by the tractor power output shaft, drive the rotary working parts to complete the machine operation. No-till deep loosening technique has reduced machine off the machine working resistance and improve working efficiency and reduce the work intensity of the soil characteristics, the formation of the actual situation, using a combination of arable layer soil structure. Imaginary part of the aerobic bacteria thrive, provide sufficient nutrients for crops, beneficial to crop growth, the ground water is large by virtual part will infiltrate into underground water points on the surface of the earth, to prevent surface runoff, use； Real part of the bacterial growth is conducive to idle, keep the nutrients in the soil, raise. Drought, via the real part of the soil capillary effect, will absorb on the surface, groundwater supply crop water, realized the combination of land and ground. Therefore, in order to reduced tillage, deep loosening instead of plough tillage technology have the widespread application in many countries, one of the key technologies for conservation tillage. In order to adapt to the needs of agricultural production, the company pays much attention to the deep loose working parts and tools. To improve the operation quality and the low resistance reduction, developed a variety of forms of bar type deep loosening shovel. On the deep loosening machine overall structure and continuous innovation, to develop the deep loose joint operation equipments at the same time. at present, the research and production, from the structure can be divided into the close combination of rig and combination joint rig: tight tight type joint rig is the organic combination of the operational functions, reasonable configuration, according to the whole machine is one of the forms to form an independent complete machine type, its unit design is reasonable, compact structure, reasonable and tractor kit, is advantageous to the tractor mounted homework； Combination type joint rig is used/group with 0, the separate machine constitute joint operation equipments. Make industry, according to different cropping system and different conditions of soil and agronomic requirements, reasonable piece together, form a different form of job function, can improve the utilization rate of machine tools by more than 50%. Joint rig combination, therefore, is the developing direction of the joint operation equipments abroad in recent years, the main rig has: tillage soil preparation combined operation equipments, deep loosening stubble ploughing combined operation equipments, deep loosening rake joint rig and plowing fertilization seeding joint operation equipments, etc. Along with our country power tractor has increased year by year, demand for joint operation equipments will increase. Do as a result, working parts to develop a variety of combinations of joint operation equipments, also want to develop/points can close 0 matched stack joint operation equipments. Liquid mechanical and electrical integration technology will be widely used on all kinds of farm machines and tools, such as according to soil conditions automatically adjust the machine parameters and operating status, change the machines overall size, and drives the working parts and so on, will be more use of hydraulic components. Application of electronic technology to control tillage soil preparation machinery operating depth, smoothness, monitoring seeding, fertilizing mechanical seed and fertilizer condition, etc. To reduce machine quality, improve agricultural machinery and strong degree, prolong the service life of machine and improve the quality of the appearance of the product, new material and new technology will also be more widely used. 译文 复式少耕整地技术的发展与新机具 摘要 :可持续发展和保护性耕作是耕作机械发展的首要内容。农业机械已经达到了系列化、标准化和社会化生产的水平 ,并将机、电、液、自动化及卫星定位等高新科技应用于耕作机械。耕作机械也得到了长足发展 , 复式少耕联合整地技术是未来农业机械的发展趋势 ,具有保护土壤、保持生态环境和符合保护性耕作农艺要求的复式、少耕、联合耕整地机具在农业生产中将发挥重要 作用。 关键词 : 复式少耕整地机；耕作机械；圆盘耙； 近年来 ,在农业面临能源危机、资源浪费、人口增加、耕地减少、地力下降、生态失调、环境污染和成本提高的严峻形势下 ,世界各国都在研究相应的对策和农业发展战略 ,提出了农业可持续发展的以深松为主体的少免耕等保护性耕作技术。在所有对策中 ,都把耕作机械的发展方向作为战略重点。西方发达国家早在 20世纪 70年代就开始研制和推广适应高产农艺要求的新型农机具 ,研究开发节本增效、保持生态环境和保护耕法的作业技术及配套机具。 传统农具在结构上不断创新 :为增加铧式犁的 翻土性能 ,将铧体延拓；在犁体前加小前犁或前犁刀 ,减少整机作业阻力；用液压油缸调节耕幅及悬挂架横向位置 , 以增加其适应性；后一犁体可向上折叠以减少耕幅 ,翻转机构加销定装置；铧式犁和深松机上装有各种形式的安全装置；圆盘耙偏角的调节 和两翼机架的折叠用液压油缸控制 ,一些圆盘耙产品设有侧向运输装置；将深松技术和耕翻技术有机结合 , 使上层 20cm内的土壤上下翻转 ,下层 20-35cm进行间隔深松；为了提高松土性能 ,在深松柄上增加一层或两层翼铲 ,使土壤形成了上层细碎 ,下层虚实相间 ,为作物的生长提供了良好的土壤条件 ,有利于 作物生长。 世界各国大中型拖拉机的功能日趋完善 ,保有量逐年增加。铧式犁、圆盘耙和深松机等传统农具产品朝着与 147kW以上的大中型拖拉机配套、结构完善和功能 增加方向发展。 耕整机械既要适应各种土壤条件 ,又要满足不同耕作制度发展的需求 ,因此必需不断地开发新的工作部件。大公司十分重视工作部件的研究 : 在铧式犁上采用各种类型曲面的犁体及小前犁；圆盘耙上采用各种曲率半径、不同直径和刃口形状的圆盘耙片；驱动型耕和整地机具的工作部件更是种类繁多。在同一机具上 ,通过更换部件来适应变化的工作条件 ,既扩大了产品的功能 ,增强了 整机的地区适应性 ,又减少了使用者的购机投入。其工作部件已经标准化、系列化和批量化生产。 随着耕作机械的研究和生产 ,特别是大功率拖拉机的广泛应用 ,带动了耕作机械向多品种和系列化方向发展 ,向宽幅、高速和高效低耗方向发展 ,向电子监控、液压及模块化设计等高新技术方向发展。因此 ,与其配套的耕整地机械产品也在不断拓宽与拖拉机的配套范围 ,尽可能减少部件种类和结构型式 ,通