同济英语考博冲刺班讲义资料.doc

完形填空 20小题，共10分。 本部分测试考生的语言知识及综合运用能力。测试内容包括词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力。本部分给出一篇约200单词的短文，文中留出10处空白，每空为一题，设4个备选答案。要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从中挑选一个最佳选项，使短文的内容和结构完整合理。2. 在一篇200多词的文章中留出10个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡上作答。命题特点w 文章不长,阅读量不大(200)w 题目不难,词汇不难;w 题材以社会科学为主;w 命题规律性极强,反感觉性; 形式:第一句是 “topic sentence” “choose the best one” as the answer 思考命题思路,题目与原文背景的关系 从整体问题入手解决具体问题 通过已知信息猜测未知信息 完型测试点:w 1. 阅读理解能力(精读) 对文章整体的把握和理解; 把握核心内容; 把握主题和导向; 把握上下句之间的逻辑关系; 对一个句子内部的结构和意义的把握和理解w 2. 完型文章的结构特点: 结构完整,内容充实(明确的主题,完整的形式); 体裁以议论文说明文为主,偶尔夹叙夹议 总分对照的结构:总述高度概括,分述全面展开w 3. 考察英语知识运用的能力 语法: 20%30% 固定搭配: 10% 词汇辨析和使用: 60%70%解题步骤:一. 整体通读, 从整体上把握文章, 抓住中心线索 重点读首句和首段； 重点读每一段的首句； 读尾段、尾句 扫读中间的部分二. 按段精读; 按段理解; 按段分析; 按段做题三. 整体通读, 检查所选答案是否准确合理上下文间主要的逻辑关系w 并列关系: and, and also, or, neithernor; eitheror; similarly, likewise, in the same way, that is to say, rather than, w 递进关系: then, besides, other than, in addition, moreover, further more, what is morew 因果关系: because, for, since, as, therefore, hence, thus, so, consequentlyw 转折关系: but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunatelyw 让步关系: although, though, even though, even if, in spite of, despite, nevertheless解题思路 测试重点分析 词汇知识 w (1)近义词w (2)形近词w (3)固定搭配w (4)动词短语句法结构w 从句引导词的选择 w 特殊虚拟语气形式 w 非谓语动词的辨异 w 固定搭配中的选词 w 与比较有关的结构 w 从句的引导词问题 w 非谓语动词的辨异 w 代词指称语篇能力w 上下文的语气；w 段落内的逻辑关系w 篇章的连接：顺向连接逆向连接w 句子内部的连接：平行/因果/对比/转折答题程序图示 w 常识+一般性英语知识全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据 w 常识+主题+相关的语言知识推断文章中被删除的信息 w 常识+主题+综合语言知识判断还原后的文章是否完整合理 常识+一般性英语知识全面理解语篇主题作为猜测的依据 w Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. w Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. w Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. 常识+主题+相关的语言知识推断文章中被删除的信息w teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25_ that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26_ by others.(2003)25.A. assistance B. guidance C. confidence D. tolerance 26. A. claimed B. admired C. ignored D. surpassed Other (37) _ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) _ of child abuse and child neglect. (2004)37. A assessable B identifiable C negligible D incredible38. A expense B restriction C allocation D availability39. A incidence B awareness C exposure D popularity完型填空总结 w 、动词的切入点 w 切入点：找到相关的信息点，通过分析这些已知信息点，猜出未知的信息点，如何找到相关的信息点即为切入点。 （）在语法上、意义上、逻辑上看主谓搭配的合适性，即看主语w Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) _ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. (2004)26. A considering B ignoring C highlighting D discardingw Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) _ juvenile crime rates. (2004)w 29. A affect B reduce C chock D reflect （）看宾语，看动宾搭配的合适性 w At the same time it is agreed that all American, whatever their origins, must learn to _ themselves to the American way of life.A. adaptB. modifyC. reformD. convertw We are _ our artists with our refusal to entertain ourselves in our incompetent ways.w A. slaughteringB. stumblingC. squeezingD. wrecking（）根据动词后所跟的介词来判断 w For example, changes in the economy that (30) _ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) _ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. w 30. A point B lead C come D amountw 31. A in general B on average C by contrast D at length w This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. On the contrary, they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by _ for roles that are within their capability and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules. w A. making B. standing C. planning D. taking 2连接（1）. 连接词的考查w Theories centering on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) _ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through interactions with others. w A. beforeB. unlessC. untilD. becausew Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in response to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) _ as a rejection of middle-class values. w A. orB. but ratherC. butD. or elsew More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) _, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) _ was common in the traditional family pattern. w 34. A. contrarilyB. consequently w C. similarlyD. simultaneously w 35. A. thanB. that C. whichD. asw All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) _ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. w 40. A. providedB. sinceC. althoughD. supposing二. 因连接产生的逻辑关系的考查1. It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industry processes, and highly 1）_ workers are needed to 2）_ and repair the equipment. w 1. A. gifted B. skilledC. trainedD. versatilew 2. A. keepB. maintainC. retainD. protect2. When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established, _ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. w A. whereB. howC. whatD. unless3. Some press great emphasis on mechanical guarding, others stress safe work practices by _ rules or regulations, _ others depend on an emotional appeal to the workers. A. constitutingB. aggravatingC. observingD. justifyingw A. SomeB. ManyC. EvenD. Still4. We used to understand innovation as something that truly changed the world or _ made our lives easier. A. deliciouslyB. genuinelyC. presumablyD. virtually5. You will find that college classes are very different from high school classes. You will have more work and responsibilities without being pushed as much. _61_, you will have more freedomfreedom to choose what to study, when to study, or _62_to study. You will need to exercise maximum self-discipline. This is the hardest kind of discipline because it is self-imposed (志愿的)，and you have only yourself to _63_. The decisions you make _64_ your study habits will be a _65_ factor in your success, or lack of success in college.61. A. On the other handB. On the one handC. NeverthelessD. Therefore62. A. ifB. whetherC. whyD. who63. A. turn toB. answer toC. respond toD. act as64. A. ofB. toC. towardD. concerning65. A. determiningB. demandingC. decidingD. depending（2009年真题）The teacher of reading is involved, whether this is consciously realized or not, in the development of a literate society. And every teacher, 1 , needs to determine what level of literacy is 2 by society, what role he or she should take in 3 the desired standard of literacy, and what the implications of literacy are in a world context.The Unesco report presents a world 4 of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the 5 small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international 6 .The problems 7 developing nations are also facing industrialized nations. Literacy, as the report points out, is inextricably intertwined with other aspects of national development (and) national development as a whole is bound 8 with the world context. Literacy is not a by-product of social and economical development it is a 9 of that development. Literacy can help people to function more effectively in a changing 10 and ideally will enable the individual to change the environment so that it functions more effectively.Literacy progammes 11 in different countries have taken and are taking different 12 to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which 13 the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation 14 society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as 15 literacy environment.Who are the illiterates and how do we define them? At what point do we decide that illiteracy ends and literacy begins? Robert Hillerich 16 these questions. An illiterate, he finds, may mean anything from one who has no formal schooling to one who has attended four years or less, to one who is unable to read or write at the level necessary to 17 successfully in his social position. Literacy, he points out, is not something one either has or has not got: Any definition of literacy must recognize this quality as a continuum, representing all 18 of development.An educational definition i.e. in terms of grades completed or skills mastered is shown to be inadequate in 19 educationally defined mastery may bear only minimal relation to the language proficiency needed in coping with environmental demands. From a sociological / economic viewpoint the literacy needs of individuals vary greatly, and any definition must recognize the needs of the individual to engage effectively and to act 20 responsible participation.Such a broadened definition excludes assessment based on a reading-level type; assessment must, rather, be flexible to fit both purpose and population. 1. A. therefore B. in addition C. however D. nevertheless2. A. asked B. knownC. demandedD. obtained3. A. achievingB. gettingC. fulfillingD. accomplishing4. A. opinionB. ideaC. pointD. view5. A. relativelyB. particularlyC. possiblyD. definitely6. A. situationB. contextC. environmentD. atmosphere7. A. facingB. confrontingC. encounteringD. meeting8. A. toB. inC. upD. across9. A. componentB. elementC. ingredientD. factor10. A. tendencyB. environment C. inclination D. development11. A. institutedB. rootedC. deprivedD. revealed12. A. waysB. methodsC. approachesD. means13. A. underlinesB. indicatesC. impliesD. understates14. A.intoB. withinC. inD. inside15. A. adequateB. abundantC. overD. plenty16. A. demandsB. addressesC. remainsD. maintains17. A. performB. doC. participateD. anticipate18. A. extentsB. formsC. degreesD. standards19. A. thatB. whatC. whichD. such20. A. inB. forC. againstD. withPassage 1In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended_2_ giving their name to the “Hawhthome effect” the extremely influential idea the very_3_to being experimented upon changes subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the_4_behavior of the women in the plantAccording to _5_of the experimentsTheir hourly output rose when lighting was increased，but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the experiment; _7_something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) _8_ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_ itself.After several decades，the same data were _11_to the econometric analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store_12_the description on record，no systematic _13_was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have led to _14_interpretation of what happed_15_，lighting was always changed on a Sunday, When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturday and _17_ to rise for the next couple of days ._18_ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers _19_to be diligent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before _20_a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down 1. A affectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2. AatBupCwithDOff3. AtruthBsightCactDproof4. AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5.ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7Aas far asBfor fear thatCin case thatDso long as8.AawarenessBexpectationCsentimentDillusion9.AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10.AaboutBforConDby11.AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12.Acontrary toBconsistent withCparallel withDpearlier to13.AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14.AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15.AIn contrastBFor exampleCIn consequenceDAs usual16.AdulyBaccidentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly17.AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued18. A becauseBforCbutDdespite19. AattendedBtendedCcontendedDpretended 20.AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingPassage 2Historically, humans get serious about avoiding disasters only after one has just struck them. _1_ that logic, 2006 should have been a breakthrough year for rational behavior. With the memory of 9/11 still _2_ in their minds, Americans watched hurricane Katrina, the most expensive disaster in U.S. history, on _3_ TV. Anyone who didnt know it before should have learned that bad things can happen. And they are made _4_ worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our _5_ to work together before everything goes to hell.Granted, some amount of delusion(错觉)is probably part of the _6_ condition. In A.D. 63, Pompeii was seriously damaged by an earthquake, and the locals immediately went to work _7_, in the same spot-until they were buried altogether by a volcano eruption 16 years later. But a _8_ of the past year in disaster history suggests that modern Americans are particularly bad at _9_ themselves from guaranteed threats. We know more than we _10_ did about the dangers we face. But it turns _11_ that in times of crisis, our greatest enemy is _12_ the storm, the quake or the _13_ itself. More often it is ourselves.So what has happened in the year that _14_ the disaster on the Gulf Coast? In New Orleans, the Army Corps of Engineers has worked day and night to rebuild the flood walls. They have got the walls to _15_ they were before Katrina, more or less. Thats not _16_,we can now say with confidence. But it may be all _17_ can be expected from one year of hustle(忙碌).Meanwhile, New Orleans officials have crafted a plan to use buses and trains to _18_ the sick and the disabled. The city estimates that 15,000 people will need a _19_ out. However, state officials have not yet determined where these people will be taken. The _20_ with neighboring communities are on going and difficult.1.A To B By C On D For2.A fresh B obvious C apparent D evident3. A visual B vivid C live D lively4.A little B less C more D much5. A reluctance B rejection C denialD decline6. A natural B world C social D human7. A revising B refining C rebuilding D retrieving8. A review B reminder C concept D prospect9. A preparing B protesting C protecting D prevailing10. A never B ever C then D before11. A up B down C over D out12. A merely B rarely C incidentally D accidentally13. A surge B spur C surf D splash14. A ensued B traced C followed D occurred15. A which B where C what D when16. A enough B certain C conclusive D final17. A but B as C that D those18. A exile B evacuate C dismiss D displace19. A ride B trail C path D track20. A conventions B notificationsC communications D negotiationsPassage 3According to BTs futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium(a period of 1，000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.Pearson has _1_ together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a _2_ millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key _3_ and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an _4_ life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs _5_ into use between now and 2040.Pearson also _6_ a breakthrough in computer human links. By linking _7_ to our nervous system, computers could pick up _8_ we feel and, hopefully, simulate _9_ too so that we can start to _10_ full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says.But that, Pearson points _11_, is only the start of man-machine _12_:It will be the beginning of the long process of inte