太阳能热水器的产水量计算.doc

reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and party of construction system reform solid advance, tax, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly enhanced, Unprecedented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. XI General Secretarys speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no complete, the notes on the 18 session of ideas into the partys spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, the increasing use of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country. 4. with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development. Face complex changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, XI General Secretary made China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing five big pillar sex policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 2013 to 2015 during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of contribution over 25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic show out huge of swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level see missing of hand and see have see of hand are to with good speed up from elements drive, and investment scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,. 5. with regard to building the rule of law in China. 18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led, and people masters, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative common advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and just judicial, and universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and (一)太阳能热水器的能量平衡方程太阳能热水器实际吸收到的太阳辐射能一部分用来加热水，另一部分用于加热集热器、水箱、管路等其他部分，以及支付系统各部分的热损失。根据能量平衡理论，太阳能热水器的能量平衡方程可表达为QA=QU+QL+QS式中QA每天每平方米太阳能热水器吸热表面吸收的太阳辐射，kJ或kcalQU每天每平方米太阳能热水器中工作流体获得的热量，又称有效得热，kJ或kcalQL每天每平方米太阳能热水器通过辐射、对流和传导散失到周围环境的热量，又称热损失，kJ或kcalQS太阳能热水器贮存的能量，kJ或kcal上式QA=(ta)HTQU=MCp(te-ti)或M=QU/Cp(te-ti)QL=UL(Te-Ta)DtQS= SCcDT其中 HT单位面积集热器倾斜面太阳辐射日总量 kJ/ m2 或kcal/m2(ta)透过吸收率乘积 %te、ti、ta热水器终止水温、初始水温和环境温度 M单位面积太阳能热水器的产水量kg/ m2Cp水定压比热 kJ/kg 或kcal/kgUL太阳能热水器总热损系数W/m2 或kcal/ m2hDt集热器吸收辐射的累计时间sCc单位面积太阳能热水器各部分的热容 kJ/ m2Tf热水器的平均温度 DT太阳能热水器各部分的温升t时间 s各月代表日的选择计算各月太阳辐射日总量月平均值，按中央气象局有关专家推荐，按下表选择各月代表日以简化计算。表1 各月代表日选择表 月份日期太阳赤纬序日117-20.8417214-13.3245315-2.40744159.4610551518.7813561023.0416171821.1119981812.282309181.972611019-9.842921118-19.02322121323.12347(三)珠海市的太阳辐射资源和气象条件根据广东省气象局提供的历年统计数据，把珠海地区的气象条件列如表2供分析参考， 表2 珠海2012各月及全年太阳辐射及气象资料 月份日照时数小时日照百分率平均风速m/s极端最高气温极端最低气温平均气温相对湿度%总辐射kJ/直接辐射kJ/散射辐射kJ/自来水温月平均日平均月平均日平均月平均日平均1138.652.82.327.90.113.36999675128150004839151287.729.62.228.60.014.47888669518034005466379.922.22.131.03.317.98394329947032086224489.424.32.033.07.721.9841009181690272373675144.336.32.036.014.725.98513014468883266156.238.71.836.618.927.286133384803115337231.056.11.937.521.628.48415547721183368210.153.71.838.721.128.18315175718680139196.753.62.037.615.526.980145587005755410210.559.22.033.611.323.472140667735633111192.557.52.332.45.319.469124387084535412170.149.82.329.61.815.2681042955974844全年平均1906.044.32.138.70.021.978年累计12268年累计54870年累计6781根据上述计算公式，按照珠海海地区=230、S=330，并按表1和表2提供的有关数据，可计算珠海地区倾斜面上各月太阳总辐射日总量月平均值，因为珠海地区太阳能热水器的使用季节以冬半年为主，故只列出广州地区9、10、11、12、1、2月的的计算结果如下表：表3 月份水平总辐射kJ/水平直射辐射kJ/水平散射辐射kJ/330倾斜面总辐射kJ/914558.57004.87553.71.03600.991614436.01014066.57734.76331.51.25801.020714357.51112438.47083.85344.21.47381.251215562.61210429.15597.44843.81.58601.294313498.919965.75128.44838.81.52371.246412423.028865.83399.65466.61.31181.08609627.8(四)太阳能热水器的透过率、吸收率和热损系数的估算太阳能热水器由太阳能集热器、贮热水箱、循环管路、支架等组成，太阳能热水器的透过率和吸收率即为太阳能集热器表面盖层的透过率和集热板的吸收率；而太阳能热水器的热损系数则包括了集热器的热损失、贮热水箱的热损失和管路系统的热损失。显然，太阳能热水器的热损失大于太阳能集热器的热损失；假如贮热水箱和循环管路的热损失为零，并假定热水器处于稳定状态，即热水器本身各部件既不吸热也不放热，则太阳能热水器的热损失等于太阳能集热器的热损失。关于透过率和吸收率乘积，国家标准GB/T6424-1997平板型太阳能集热器技术条件规定集热器的FR(ta)e不低于0.68，对透明盖板太阳透射比t的要求规定不低于0.78，对于工程应用而言，通常可用ta值近似地代表(ta)e，一般国产35毫米玻璃的太阳透射比0.80.85，而集热板的吸收率据有关文献报道，大约为0.90.95，如果t=0.83，a=0.93，则集热器的光效率近似等于0.77。至于集热器的热损系数，国标GB/T6424-1997规定热损系数FRUL不高于6.0W/（即5.167kcal/h），假设珠海市冬半年太阳能热水器有效工作时间为6小时，对温升30的集热器来说，每平方米6小时的热损失为3888kJ/（或930kcal/），若当天的太阳辐射总量为16720kJ/（4000kcal/），集热器的热损失约占总辐射能量的23.3%。(五)关于珠海地区太阳能热水器的产水量的预测根据太阳能热水器的日产水量近似计算公式按照=330、=0.85、=0.95、UL=4W/、（Te-Ti）=30、t=6小时、Ta=Ti，并假设水箱管路绝热，可计算出以下表格：表4 性能优异的太阳能热水器的月平均产水量（珠海地区） 月份水平总辐射kJ/330倾斜面总辐射kJ/平均温度热水温度热水产量kg有效得热kJ/效率%914558.514436.026.956.972.269061.462.81014066.514357.523.453.471.758997.562.71112438.415562.619.449.479.519970.663.71210429.113498.915.245.266.228304.061.519965.712423.013.343.359.307436.259.828865.89627.814.444.441.305179.053.8平均11720.713317.618.848.865.18158.160.7表5 不同日效率太阳能热水器在珠海地区的产水量 月份太阳总辐射日总量月平均值kJ/项目太阳能热水器日效率（%）45505560914436.0有效得热kJ/6496.17218.07939.98661.8产水量 kg51.857.663.369.11014357.5有效得热kJ/6461.07178.77896.48614.6产水量 kg50.557.36368.71115562.6有效得热kJ/7003.27781.48559.49337.7产水量 kg55.862.168.374.51213498.9有效得热kJ/6074.46749.47424.58099.2产水量 kg48.452.859.264.6112423.0有效得热kJ/5590.36211.56832.67453.8产水量 kg44.649.554.559.429627.8有效得热kJ/433264814.15295.25776.8产水量 kg34.638.442.246.1表6 晴天不同日效率的太阳能热水器在珠海地区的产水量（温升30） 日效率 %45505560有效得热kJ/75248360919610032kcal/1800200022002400产水量 kg60.066.773.380.0注：太阳辐射为16720 kJ/（4000 kcal/）（六）初步结论1.根据各地接受太阳辐射总量的多少，可将全国划分为五类地区，珠海属于第三类地区，为中等类型地区，所以珠海地区冬半年太阳能热水器的产水量不可能太高2.性能优异的太阳能热水器（热效率60%），在珠海地区冬半年每平方米集热面积有效得热约为8158.1kJ/d（1951.7 kcal/d），产生温升为30的热水产量约为65kg。3.性能优异的太阳能热水器（热效率60%），在珠海地区冬半年晴天时（太阳辐射为16720 kJ/d（4000 kcal/d），可产温升为30的热水约为80kg（有效得热为10032 kJ/d（2400 kcal/d）。避雷带的敷设面为曲面或带有造型面时，应反复多次的比试，避雷带应顺其造型敷设，圆钢避雷带圆钢之间的搭接处的位置应设置均布、合理、美观，且应尽量的减少搭接，搭接处如与引下线焊接处接近应设置焊接到一起，避雷带焊接时应顺直的放置到支架上，各段应受力均匀，不得有翘曲、扭转，promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our . 6. on the building of Socialist culture in China. A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper, there will be no realization of the dream of China. 18 big yilai, XI General Secretary around foster and promote Socialist core values promote China excellent traditional culture firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right, aspects do has series important speech, main including put publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve national culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of socialism and the partys important speech on the press conference. 7. promote the reform and development of social undertakings and social management. 18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, Xia big pneumatic solution masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineering near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale maximum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees network and pension guarantees network, urban and rural residents income continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 billion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construction became