高考英语 易错点点睛与高考突破 专题15 短文改错.doc

2013年高考英语 易错点点睛与高考突破 专题15 短文改错【2013高考预测】短文改错题旨在考查考生发现、判断、纠正语篇错误的能力。它要求考生具备扎实的语言功底，相当高的语言运用能力；此题涉及到词汇、语法、惯用法、篇章结构、行文逻辑等各个方面。但是，这种试题并不是检测语法知识的，而是检测考生写作能力中的校验能力。这种能力是进行书面表达的必备能力，写作的成效需要良好的写作程序的支持，而在写作程序中，检验能力是不可缺少的要素。把短文改错当作语法练习是对高考中短文改错的误解。一、短文改错题的解题步骤1.通读全文，掌握大意短文改错不是单句改错，每一句的语意表达，结构选择是受土下文制约的。如谓语动词时态的选择，代词的指代功能等都要依照上下文的线索进行判断。因此，考生应立足:于上下文，正确理解作者意图，把握短文的题材、体裁、时态主线，人物和主要情节等，从整体上把握全文。 2.整句理解，逐行推敲通读全文，了解文章大意、写作方式之后，要细致分析每一个完整的句子。应把主要注意力放在句子层次上，判断句子的表达是否符合行为逻辑，是否符合语法规范。从历年高考题来看短文改错绝大多数题目还是句子层次的问题，侧重语言的准确性，所以句子结构正确与否的审查是关键的一步。在正误判断的基础之上，根据语法规则改正句子中错误之处。改错时应注意改错设计规律，如:有一项正确，九项错误；每一行只有一个错误；改动之处只能有一词，或删掉或增词，或修改。3.复读全文，检查核对错误改完之后要通读全文，以检查改错过程中是否有因上下文制约疏忽导致的误改。核对改后的答案能否使全文流畅、语言规范和准确。二、短文改错题的易错点点睛一般情况下，短文改错题会出现以下十个易错点点睛。1.一致关系的错误短文改错题所涉及的一致关系主要包括主渭一致、时态一致、代词指代一致、动词时态与时间状语或上下文的时态保持一致等。2.连接手段的错误高考英语短文改错命题的一个重要方面就是考查连接手段。连词使用不当会造成上下文无法衔接。英语中的词与词、句与句必须使用并列或从属连词将其连接起来，要判断句与句之间的关系是并列、转折、选择、递进还是让步，从而选择相应的连词。若为复合句，首先判断属:厂何种从句，然后根据主从句之间的关系判断连接词的使用是否准确或是否有遗漏或多余的现象。3.平行结构的错误在表达相互平行的概念时，要使用相同的语法结构，即动词与动词对应，形容词与形容词对应，分词与分词对应，不定式与不定式对应，短语与短语对应。它经常借助于并列连词and，or，but或连词词组not only.but also.，not.but.，either.or.，neither.nor.，as well as等。4.非谓语动词形式上的错误主要考查不定式符号to的多余或遗漏；to是介词还是不定式符号的辨认(后跟动词原形还是动名词)；现在分词与过去分词的区别。5.多余词汇的错误主要考查程度副词或频率副词，如much，more，often等是否多余。关系代词或关系副词所代替的词是否重复出现。6.冠词使用的错误由于汉语中没有冠词，学生对它的用法感到难以掌握，所以高考英语短文改错对冠词的考查几乎年年都有。常见的错误类型有:不可数名词泛指时前面多冠词；单数可数名词前少冠词；不定冠词a与定冠词the的错误使用；固定搭配中的冠词错误等等。7.名词的数与格的错误汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数的变化，而通过在其前加数词来表示。英语则不同，除了在名问前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须将该名词变成复数形式。近几年nmet常考查考生对名词单复数的掌握情况。8.词语搭配的错误主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词与动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后缺少介词，英语中的一些固定句型及习惯搭配等。9.词性分辨的错误词在句中的位置及与其他词所形成的修饰与被修饰的关系决定了其正确形式，词在句中不同的句法功能要求使用与之相匹配的词性。10.行文逻辑上的错误短文改错中的行文逻辑错误是最难改的一种错误。因为要识别和改出某种错误，考生必须细读全文，在理解短文中心思想、掌握全文逻辑发展顺序的基础上，作出正确判断。下面，我们以典型例题试题中几道有代表意义的短文改错题来分析一下这些种类的错误形式。1. 短文改错my car just wouldnt move any further. it was complete1. dead, and i was a few miles far away from anywhere on a cold 2. wet night. i decided walk around a little before accepting id 3. have to spend the night in the ear. maybe i can find a4. telephone. actually, i didnt have to walk far before i5. found a small house standing on a field with a light6. shone from the sitting room. i knocked at the door and7. was delighting when a pleasant old man opened the8. door but listened to my story carefully. he said he had9. no telephone, and it wasnt one within walking distance,10. but offered to come and look at my car.试题分析2.my sister found a bird on the roadside. we named himjack and keep him for about three years. he would greet us1. in a tree outside our bedroom, calling “hello” as we lay in2. bed in a morning. he also passed hello to the cats when3. they came into the room. we often played a trick on himself.4. wed throw a coin as far as possibly. jack would fly away5. and bring it back for us throw again. he would also catch6. the food throwing to him from the other side of the room and7. sing happily. but for the most wonderful thing about jack8. were his musical ability. leaving him at home all day, we9. would return at night to hear that hed picked up from theradio in the day.10. 3. not all people like to work and everyone likes to play. all over 1. the world men and woman, boys and girls enjoy sports. since2. long ago, many adults and children called their friends together 3. to spend hours, even days play games. one of the reasons people 4. like to play is that sports help them to live happily. in otherwords,5. they help to keep people strong and feel good. when people are6. playing games, they move a lot. that is how sports are good activities 7. for their health. having fun with their friends make them happy. 8. many people enjoy sports by watching the others play. in american9. big cities, thousands sell tickets to watch football or basketball games.10. 4. 短文改错 henry royce did not like his car, that ran badly and often1. broke down. so he decided to make a best car himself,2. and in 1904 he produced his first new model. charles rolls,3. a car maker, was very interested in royces car, but soon4. rolls arid royce go into business together. one of their first5. model was the silver ghost. in 1907, a silver ghost broke the 6. worlds record by drive 14,371 miles without breaking down7. once. after the drive, it was cost just over 2 to put the car8. back into perfect condition. this is not surprising that the silver 9. ghost was regarded “the best car in the world”. 10. 5.短文改错there are advantage for students to work while1. studying at school. one of them was that 2. _they can earn money, for the most part. 3. students working to earn money for their own 4. _ use. earning their own momey allow them 5. _ to spend on anything as if they please. 6. _ they would have to ask thier parents for 7. _ money or for permission to do things by 8. _ the money. some students may also to save 9. _ up for our college or future use. 10. _6.短文改错dear mr. brown,i am writing to thank you with your kind help. 1. before you came to teach us, i had not interest in 2. english. my pronunciation was terribly. i could 3. only speak a few words. but one and a half year later. 4. i now think english fun to learn. i got a lost from your 5. encouraging words. i will always remember what you 6. said, “if you try to, you can be no. 1 !”i hope youve 7. had peasant journet home and will come to china 8. again sometimes in the future. i will write again 9. and send you the photos we take together. 10. yours sincerely, li min【难点突破】探究点一词法型 词法的测试包括：定冠词和不定冠词的用法； 名词的单复数和名词所有格； 动词的时态、语态、语气、情态动词和非谓语动词等； 人称代词的格、物主代词、指示代词、连接代词、不定代词等的用法； 介词的搭配； 并列连词、从属连词的用法； 形容词、副词的区别以及比较级和最高级的用法； 固定搭配和习惯用法。 例2012课标全国卷 from the time i was about four until i was about six, i destroyed each of my toy.探究点二 句法型句法的测试包括：主谓语在人称和数上的一致； 名词性从句； 定语从句； 强调句型； 句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。 例4 2012课标全国卷 but before long they began to see which was happening. 探究点三 语篇型语篇的测试包括：上下文中的时态是否一致； 上下文中的代词是否一致； 上下文中的逻辑是否一致； 上下文中的词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。例 7 2012课标全国卷 i learned early in life that i had to be more patient and little aggressive.解析 考查上下文中的逻辑是否一致。根据文意：我不得不多一些耐心而少一些挑衅性。此处应用less修饰形容词aggressive，和前面的more形成对比。例 8 2012课标全国卷 i was happy when the toys worked, but when things did(went) wrong, i got angry and broke it.【变式探究】例1、 2012四川卷 此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾()；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线()划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。dear mom，mothers day is coming.im sorry that i am abroad66_and cant send your flowers，so im writing to you.67_mom，i know i have never expressed my thank to you68_ before.but on today，at this special time，i just want to tell69_you loudly：i love you ，mom! thank you so much by not70_only giving me life, but also teach me how to be a good71_person.thank you for all you had done for me. mom，though72_i may often say it, i do love you. nobody can take your73_part in my heart.whenever i am，i will always love you.74_hope you good health and much happiness every day!75_ your little girl， jennifer例22012全国卷 此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画一个勾()；如有错误(每行只有一个错误)，则按下列情况改正：此行多一个词：把多余的词用斜线()划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。此行缺一个词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。此行错一个词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。注意：原行没有错的不要改。dear editor，im writing to tell you opinion about water saving.76._water is important. we, as well as animal, cannot live77._without water and neither agriculture or industry can go78._without it. yet it seemed water is becoming less and less.79._many countries in the world find we dont have enough water.80._to deal with a problem, i think, we should first go all81._out to plant trees though trees will help save water. next, no82._drinking water should be left running. third, we should find83._ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath 84._water for which is quite a lot, and that will save much water.85._sincerely，li hua解析 【易错点点睛】易错点一 “不一致性”错误主要包括：主、谓语不一致； 时态不一致； 语态不一致； 名词的单、复数不一致； 代词指代不一致； 搭配不一致等。例 1 2012辽宁卷 thank you for the lovely day we have with you. it was so kind for(of) you to let us bring annes friend, gina.例 3 2012辽宁卷 there had been a terrible accident on the highway and, for(as) a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six mile.解析 考查名词的单、复数一致。mile是可数名词，并且前面是six，故mile改为miles。易错点二 “行文逻辑”错误。这种错误主要是运用行文逻辑考查连接手段。谨记两种句式：并列句(并列连词)，复合句(从属连词); 六种关系：转折关系，选择关系，层递关系，并列关系，因果关系，同位关系； 一种变化：语义的曲折变化。如：肯定与否定，方位与时空的转移等。例 4 2012四川卷 mom, though i may often say it, i do love you. nobody can take your part in my heart.易错点三 “平行结构”错误平行结构是指两个或更多的词、词组或从句具有相似或相等的句法功能。在表达相互平行的概念时，要使用相同的语法结构，即动词与动词相配，形容词与形容词相配，分词与分词相配，不定式与不定式相配，短语与短语相配。平行结构经常借助于并列连词and，but，or或连词词组not onlybut also，notbut，eitheror，neithernor，as well as等。例 7 for example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on? 解析 考查平行谓语结构。leave改为left。根据句法，leave在时态上应和walked保持一致。例 8 do some nice things for your parentslike cooking, doing the dishing, or clean the floors. 易错点四 “词性、词形”错误主要包括名词的单复数变化、代词的词形变化以及形容词和副词的词形变化。要弄清词性与词性之间的相互修饰关系，比如：形容词修饰名词，副词修饰形容词、动词、分词等。 例10 2012重庆卷 whenever i think of the old days, i feel very happily.易错点五 “动词的变化”错误主要包括时态的词形变化、被动语态的词形变化、非谓语动词的词形变化以及第三人称单数等。例 13 2012全国卷 third, we should find ways to reuse the water using in washing, especially bath water 易错点六 “特殊疑问词”“连词”和“引导词”错误特别是which和that引导定语从句、抽象名词后面常常跟that引导的同位语从句等。 例16 here is my idea about how a friend is like.易错点七 “多词”错误多词错误一般有如下几种类型：1)受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结构，造成冗言； 2)不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠； 3)介词多余； 4)助动词、系动词多余； 5)多冠词； 6)定语从句中的成分重复； 7)程度副词和频率副词，如 much，more，often等的多余； 8)多余小品词to等。例 18 2012全国卷 to begin with, all of us can start reducing to the use of oil by driving only 易错点八 “缺词”错误缺词现象常见有：1)缺系动词； 2) 缺介词； 3) 缺冠词、物主代词等限定词； 4) 在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词； 5)缺连接词； 6)缺否定词； 7)缺不定式符号to等。例 20 2012全国卷 im writing to tell you opinion about water saving.【2013高考突破】1. 下面短文中有10处语言错误，请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号【】，并在其下面写上该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线【】划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2. 只允许修改10处，多者【从第11处起】不计分。【2013桐乡一致模拟】the first time i decide to leave home was when i was upon graduation in high school. i was having trouble get along with my parents. i had about fifty dollar in my pockets, and so i thought about leaving home. it took me only two weeks away from home while i started to feel homesick. living on my own is a total different experience for three main reasons: being more responsible, more decisive and more creative. because of im on my own, i get to deal with my duties without being told. i have to be more careful because my parents are not here to give me their advices. in the other hand, i could make my own future plan. i have made rules for me to follow.短文改错the first time i decide to leave home was when i was upon graduation in high school. i was decidedhaving trouble get along with my parents. i had about fifty dollar in my pockets, and so i thought getting dollarsabout leaving home. it took me only two weeks away from home while i started to feel homesick. whenliving on my own is a total different experience for three main reasons: being more responsible, totallymore decisive and more creative. because of im on my own, i get to deal with my duties without being told. i have to be more careful because my parents are not here to give me their advices. to advicein the other hand, i could make my own future plan. i have made rules for me to follow.0n my2. rose wanted a job. she went to many offices and she didnt like any of them. one day she saw a board in an office read: “this office needs a typist whom can type 200 words a minute.” rose was exciting. when rose went to the managers office, the man was writing something. rose knocked at the door and the manager raised her head. “do you need a typist?” asked rose. “yes!” he said. rose clapped her hand. she couldnt help saying, “ok! how much will you pay for me every month?” the manager thought for a while and said, “i will pay you 77 dollars for first three months. then i will pay you 30 dollars every month.” rose smiled and answer, “great! i will come and work here three months late.” the manager was speechless.v. 短文改错:rose wanted a job. she went to many offices and she didnt like any of them. butone day she saw a board in an office read: “this office needs a typist whom can reading whotype 200 words a minute .” rose was exciting. when rose went to the managers office, excitedthe man was writing something. rose knocked at the door and the manager raised her head. “do you need a typist?” asked rose. “yes!” he said. rose clapped her hand. his handsshe couldnt help saying, “ok! how much will you pay for me every month?” themanager thought for a while and said, “i will pay you 77 dollars for first three the months. then i will pay you 30 dollars every month.” rose smiled and answer, “great! answeredi will come and work here three months late.” the manager was speechless. later3.假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下面划一横线，并在该词下面写出改正后的词。注意：1每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。dear wei fang,it s a long time since i heard from you in last limenow i d like to tell you a impressive story that happened on the first day of my teaching careera boy, li ming, whom father died a month ago, was late for schoolhe stood outside the classroom silenti smiled to him and let him comeafter a while, he began to cryseeing this, i walked to him and asked what has happenedhe told me his mother was ill but he had to get some medicine for herat the same time, he apologized to me for his latenessmoved by his word, i praised him for his deeds and decided to sing a song was named mother for the studentsfrom then on, i began to realize we should respect our parents and did our best to help themdo you think so? im looking forward to your reply4.【2013西安质检】i went hiking to a mountain with my friends last summer. it was good trip at te beginning and something unexpected happened half way. one of my friend suddenly felt a terrible pain in his stomach and be couldnt move any far. nobody knew what to do it. one girl tried to call her mum in her mobile pone, but there was no signal in the mountain area. lucky we had brought a tent with us. we put it up and let him rested in it. he took some medicine. then he drink some water, and ate some food. after while, he felt much better and we walked on. we all enjoyed us on the top of the mountain.5.【2013.石家庄模拟】你的同学刘芳乐于助人(helpful)，积极乐观(positive)。她在上星期日下午回校途中帮助了一位受伤的老人。请根据题示，用英语写一篇短文向英语报english nowadays, a lot of people are reportedly unwilling to help others. however, liu fang acted differently. _ one possible version:nowadays, a lot of people are reportedly unwilling to help others. however, liu fang acted differently. last sunday afternoon, on her way back to school, liu fang came across an old man lying on the ground, seriously hurt in the leg. she immediately stopped, called 120 and practiced first aid. soon, the ambulance came and took the man to hospital. when everything was ok, she left for school. such is liu fang, a helpful, positive and determined person. though there might be misunderstanding or even trouble when we do good, i strongly believe that she has done the right thing. a