分词投影.doc

分词： 一分词的分类：分词分为现在分词和过去分词。1.作为谓语，现在分词和be 一起构成进行时；过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成时。例如：I am reading a novel by Maupassant. 我正在看一本莫泊桑写的小说。（现在分词和be 一起表示主语正在进行的动作。）Mr. Robinson has drunk five glasses of wine already. 鲁宾逊先生已经喝了五杯酒了。（过去分词和have 一起表示主语已经完成的动作。）The gold fish bowl was broken by Xiao Tao just now. 金鱼缸刚才被小陶打破了。（过去分词和be 一起表示主语是动作的承受者。）从语态上来说，现在分词有主动和被动两种形式。从时态上来说 现在分词有一般式和完成式。过去分词本身表示完成和被动，所以没有主动和被动语态，也没有一般式和完成时。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例）： 现在分词 主动一般式： doing 被动 一般式：being done主动完成时：having done 被动完成时完成式： having been done Eg：She is having supper. Being beaten by his step mother, he couldnt bear any longer. 从时态上来说 现在分词有一般式和完成式。例如：1Having failed three times, he didnt want to try again. (=As he had failed three times, he didnt want to try again.) 他失败了三次，不想再干了。（having failed 表示发生在前的动作）2.Walking along the sands, Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a mans foot. (=While he was walking along the sands, Crusoe) 克鲁索沿着沙滩走的时候，看见沙上有人的脚印。（walking 表示同时发生的动作）3The question being discussed seems important. (=The question is being discussed. It seems important.) 正在讨论的问题似乎很重要。二：.分词的否定形式是在分词短语前面加上not, never等否定词构成。例如：Not fearing the fire, the child touched and got a finger burnt. 小孩儿不知道怕火，用手去摸，把手指烫了。Not knowing how to find the subway, I asked a policeman for help. 我不知道怎样找到地铁，就去找警察帮忙。（一）用法1作定语。（现在分词和过去分词）作定语的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：This is an interesting book. (=This is a book. It is interesting.)这是一本有趣的书。There is something interesting in the news. (=There is something in the news. It is interesting.)消息中有些有趣的事。The man sitting by the window is our math teacher. (=The man who is sitting by the window is our math teacher.)靠窗户坐着的那个人是我们的数学老师The machine run by the old worker is made in Shanghai. (=The machine that is run by the old worker is made in Shanghai.) 那位老工人开的机器是上海造的。Most of the students singing were girls. (=Most of the students who were singing) 唱歌的学生多数是女生。Many of the villagers questioned refused to answer. (=Many of the villagers who were questioned)被问到的许多村里人都拒绝回答问题。注意：（1）分词作定语与动名词作定语的区别：分词和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主、谓关系。动名词则没有这种关系，而表示它所修饰的词的用途或有关动作。现在分词动名词a sleeping child(a child who is sleeping)正在睡觉的孩子a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)卧铺车a flying bird(a bird that is flying)飞鸟a flying course(a course for flying)飞行课程a swimming girl(a girl who is swimming)游泳的女孩a swimming pool(a pool for swimming)游泳池the running water(the water that is running)流水the running track(the track for running)跑道现在分词和它所修饰的名词都要重读，动名词所修饰的名词则不必重读。（2）现在分词作定语时，它表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(或差不多同时发生)。例如：Who is the boy dancing over there？在那儿跳舞的男孩是谁呀?The girls swimming in the sea were in danger. 在海里游泳的姑娘们有危险。如果两个动作在时间上有先后，一般不能用现在分词的完成式作定语，而往往用主从复合句结构。例如：The man who has gone to Shanghai will be back again. 到上海去的那个人会回来的。The teacher wants to talk to the student who smashed the windows. 老师要找打破了窗子的那个学生谈话。但，如果分词修饰的名词前有any修饰时，则可用分词的完成式作其定语。如：Any student having handed in his homework will be allowed to go home right off. 凡交了家庭作业的学生都可立刻回家。 （3）be的现在分词being不能用作定语(可用作状语或被动语态中的助动词)。表示这种概念时，也用主从复合句结构。例如：He has a brother who is a worker. 他有一个当工人的兄弟。He has a brother being a worker. 这是错误的2、作状语。分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。例如：Seeing the teacher entering the room，the students stood up.(=When the students saw the teacher entering the room，they stood up.)学生们看见老师走进房间，都站了起来。 (时间)Heated，the metal expands. (=The metal expands if /when it is heated.)金属受热而膨胀。(条件、时间)Being excited，I couldnt go to sleep.(=As I was excited，I couldnt go to sleep.)我兴奋得睡不着觉。(原因)Being a student，he was interested in sports.(=As he was a student，he was interested in sports.)他是个学生，所以对体育运动感兴趣。(原因)Inspired by Dr. Yangs speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder. (=As they were inspired by Dr. Yangs speech，Li Hua and his classmates decided to study physics harder.)李华和他的同学们受到杨博士讲话的鼓舞，决定更加努力学习物理。 (原因)The children went away laughing. =The children went away. They laughed as they went. 孩子们笑着走开了。(行为方式)The professor stood there，surrounded by many students. (=The professor stood there. He was surrounded by many students.)教授站在那里，许多学生围着他。(行为方式)While reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time. (=While he was reading the newspaper，father nodded from time to time.)看报时，父亲不时地点头。(时间)(分词前，可加表示时间的连词while或when。)Though tired, he still continued reading. 虽然很累了，他仍然在看书。Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature. 金属加热到一定温度才会熔化。现在分词和过去分词做状语的区别，分词短语在句中可做时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。现在分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生、意思是主动的。而过去分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生、意思是被动的。例如：Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note. 看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个条。(主动意义，几乎同时)The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a speech for the president. 秘书工作到晚上很晚，给总统准备一篇演说。(主动意义，同时)Tired of the noise，he closed the window. 对噪音感到厌烦，所以他把窗户关上。(被动意义，在谓语之前)Deeply moved，she thanked me again and again. 她深深地受了感动，再三谢我。(被动意义，在谓语之前)Persuaded by my mother，he gladly went there alone. 在我母亲劝说下，他才高兴地独自去那里。(被动意义，在谓语之前)注意：如果现在分词的动作在谓语动作之前发生，现在分词要用完成形式，但意思仍然是主动的。例如：Having watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples. =After they had watered the vegetables，they began to pick up the apples. 他们浇完了蔬菜之后就开始摘苹果。Having finished the work，he packed his tools and left. 完工后，他收拾起工具走了。3、作表语。例如：The film is very moving. 这部影片很感人。Your homework is well done. 你的作业做得好。The visitors looked surprised. 参观者看上去很惊讶。The boys were seen walking on the grass. 有人看见孩子们在草地上散步。现在分词和过去分词做表语时的不同。现在分词意思是“令人如何”。过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感到如何”。例如：His lecture is disappointing. Im disappointed. 他的演讲令人失望。我感到失望。We are surprised to hear the news. The news is surprising.我们听到那消息吃了一惊。那消息令人吃惊。The situation is encouraging. Were encouraged. 形势令人鼓舞。我们感到鼓舞。常用的还有：amusi